The Physics of War (45 page)

CHAPTER 17. THE ATOMIC BOMB

  
1
. Isaac Asimov,
The History of Physics
(New York: Walker and Company, 1966), p. 598.

  
2
. Amir Aczel,
Uranium Wars
(New York: MacMillan, 2009), p. 179.

  
3
. Ibid., p. 74.

  
4
. Ibid., p. 88.

  
5
. Richard Rhodes,
The Making of the Atomic Bomb
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986), p. 204.

  
6
. Ibid., p. 79.

  
7
. Aczel,
Uranium Wars
, p. 61.

  
8
. Ibid., p. 104.

  
9
. Rhodes,
Making of the Atomic Bomb
, p. 256.

10
. Barry Parker,
Quantum Legacy
(Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2002), p. 217.

11
. Ibid., p. 213.

12
. Aczel,
Uranium Wars
, p. 132.

13
. Jim Baggott,
The First War of Physics
(New York: Pegasus, 2010), p. 100.

14
. Ibid., p. 89; Aczel,
Uranium Wars
, p. 146.

15
. Baggott,
First War of Physics
, p. 232.

16
. Rhodes,
Making of the Atomic Bomb
, p. 447.

17
. Aczel,
Uranium Wars
, p. 157.

18
. Baggott,
First War of Physics
, p. 279.

19
. Ibid., p. 299.

20
. Aczel,
Uranium Wars
, p. 178.

CHAPTER 18. THE HYDROGEN BOMB, INTERCONTINENTAL MISSILES, LASERS, AND THE FUTURE

  
1
. “Thermonuclear Weapon,”
Wikipedia
,
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon
(accessed June 20, 2013).

  
2
. Richard Rhodes,
Dark Sun
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), p. 466; “Cold War: A Brief History of the Atomic Bomb,”
atomicarchive.com
,
http://www.atomicarchive.com/history/coldwar/page04.htm
(accessed June 22, 2013).

  
3
. Rhodes,
Dark Sun
, p. 468; “Thermonuclear Weapon.”

  
4
. Rhodes,
Dark Sun
, p. 482.

  
5
. Ibid., p. 506.

  
6
. “Intercontinental Ballistic Missile,”
Wikipedia
,
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/intercontinental_ballistic_missile
(accessed June 26, 2013).

  
7
. Barry Parker,
Quantum Legacy
(Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2002), p. 159.

  
8
. “Gordon Gould,”
Wikipedia
,
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Gould
(accessed September 12, 2013).

  
9
. Parker,
Quantum Legacy
, p. 179.

10
. “Extrinsic Semiconductor,
Wikipedia
,
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrinsic_semiconductor
(accessed September 12, 2013).

11
. “What Is the Keyhole Satellite and What Can It Really Spy On?” How Stuff Works,
http://www.science.howstuffworks.com/question529.htm
(accessed September 12, 2013).

12
. “Unmanned Aerial Vehicle,
Wikipedia
,
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle
(accessed June 27, 2013).

13
. Joe Haldeman and Martin Greenberg,
Future Weapons of War
(Riverdale, NY: Baen, 2008).

14
. “How E-Bombs Work,” How Stuff Works,
http://www.sciencehowstuffworks.com/e-bomb3.htm
(accessed June 28, 2013).

15
. Joel Baglole, “XM25- Future Grenade Launcher,”
About.com
,
http://www.usmilitary.about.com/od/weapons/a/xm25grenadelaunch.htm
(accessed June 29, 2013).

16
. “Smart Bullet,”
Wikipedia
,
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_bullet
(accessed September 12, 2013).

17
. “MAARS,” Qinetiq North America,
https://www.qinetiq-na.com/products/unmanned-systems/maars/
, (accessed September 12, 2013).

Aczel, Amir.
Uranium Wars
. New York: MacMillan, 2009.

Asimov, Isaac.
The History of Physics
. New York: Walker, 1966.

Baggott, Jim.
The First War of Physics.
New York: Pegasus, 2010.

Bronowski, J.
The Ascent of Man.
Boston: Little, Brown, 1973.

Brown, Louis.
A Radar History of World War II.
Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Publishing, 1999.

Buderi, Robert.
The Invention That Changed the World.
New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996.

Collier, Basil.
The Battle of Britain.
New York: MacMillan, 1962.

Griffith, Paddy.
Battle Tactics of the Civil War.
New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987.

Guillen, Michael.
Five Equations That Changed the World.
New York: Hyperion, 1996.

Guilmartin, John.
Gunpowder and Galleys
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964.

Hardy, Robert.
Longbow: A Social and Military History
. New York: Lyons and Burford, 1993.

Hodges, Andrew.
Alan Turing: The Enigma
. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012.

Hughes, B. P.
Firepower: Weapon Effectiveness on the Battlefield, 1630–1850
. New York: Da Capo, 1997.

Jones, R. V.
Most Secret War
. New York: Penguin, 2009.

Keegen, John.
A History of Warfare
. New York: Vintage, 1994.

Kelly, Jack.
Gunpowder
. New York: Basic Books, 2004.

Kennedy, Gregory.
Germany's V-2 Rocket
. Atglen, PA: Schiffer, 2006.

Maraden, E. W. G
reek and Roman Artillery
. New York: Oxford, 1969.

O'Connell, Robert.
Of Arms and Men
. New York: Oxford, 1989.

Padfield, Peter.
Guns at Sea
. New York: St. Martin's, 1974.

Pais, Abraham.
J. Robert Oppenheimer: A Life
. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.

Parker, Barry.
Science 101: Physics
. Irvington, NY: Collins, 2007.

Partington, J. R.
A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.

Rhodes, Richard.
Dark Sun
. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995.

———.
The making of the Atomic Bomb
. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986.

Sarton, George,
Ancient Science through the Golden Age of Greece
. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2011.

Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh.
Enigma: The Battle of the Code
. New York: Wiley, 2004.

Snodgrass, A. M.
Arms and Armor of the Greeks
. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.

Volkman, Ernest.
Science Goes to War
. New York: Wiley, 2002.

Weller, Jac.
Weapons and Tactics
. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 2007.

ABM (anti-ballistic missile),
281

acceleration,
35
,
36

acceleration of gravity,
37
,
38
,
82

aces (pilots),
188

acoustic torpedo,
218

active sonar,
216

Adolphus, Gustav,
99
,
100

Adrianople,
49

Adrianople, Battle of,
49

aerodynamics,
165
,
166

Afghanistan,
23

Agincourt, Battle of,
53

ailerons,
177
,
178
,
180

airplanes in World War II,
234

Akkadian Empire,
24

Albacore
,
221

Albert of Wallenstein,
99
,
100

alchemists,
60

Alexander the Great,
33

Alexandria,
33
,
48

alpha particles,
247

Alsos Mission,
269

American Civil War,
131

American entry into World War II,
231

American Revolutionary War,
135

ampere,
125

Ampere, Andre,
126

Anderson, Herbert,
264

angle of attack,
175

angular momentum,
40
,
134

Anthony,
48

Apollo program,
280

Archimedes,
33
,
150
,
212

Archimedes' principle,
33
,
150
,
211
,
212

Archimedes' screw,
33

Aristotle,
29
,
30
,
33
,
78
,
79

arquebus,
88

Assyrians,
24
,
25
,
26
,
27

atmospheric drag,
112

atomic bomb,
245
–
71

atomic number,
245
,
246
,
254

atomic weight,
245
,
246

Babylonia,
28

Babylonians,
24

Bacon, Roger,
61

ballast tanks,
213

ballista,
30
,
31
,
45
,
48

ballistic coefficient,
159

ballistic pendulum,
111

ballistics,
80
,
151

balloons (Civil War),
149

barbarians,
49

Bardeen, John,
288
,
291

Basilica,
64
,
65

Bataan,
232

battery,
125

Battle of Britain,
229
–
31

Battle of France,
226

Battle of Hastings,
51

Battle of the Bulge,
234

Battle of Waterloo,
122

bazooka,
240

Ben Hur
,
22

Bernoulli, Daniel,
166

Bernoulli principle,
172
,
174

beta particles,
247

Bethe, Hans,
263
,
268
,
274

Big Bertha,
184

Big Willy,
194

binoculars,
203

Bishop, Billy,
188

Black Bart,
62

Black, Joseph,
108

Bleriot, Louis,
179

Bletchley Park,
223

blitzkrieg,
225
,
226
,
230
,
240

Bloch, Felix,
263

blockade (Civil War)
144

Boelcke, Oswald,
188

Bohr, Niels,
248
–
56
,
260
,
282

Bolton, Mather,
109

bombe,
244

Boone Daniel,
135

Boot, Harry,
208
,
229

Borgia, Cesare,
70

bow and arrow,
41
,
42

Bowen, Edward,
228

Boyle's law,
115

Bragg, William,
199

Brattain, Walter,
288
,
290
,
291

Braun, Wernher von,
237
,
280

Breit Gregory,
253

British Enfield rifle,
135
,
138

British system,
36

bronze,
23

Bronze Age,
24

Brooklyn
,
147
–
48

Buchanan, Franklin,
147
–
48

Bush, Vannevar,
259
,
261

Caesar,
48

calculus,
101

camber,
166
,
174

Cambria, Battle of,
194

cannon,
62
–
66

caravel,
91

carbine,
136

Carthaginians,
47

Castile,
64

catapult,
32

Cavalla
,
221

Cavendish, Henry,
118

cavity magnetron,
209

Cayley, George,
166
,
168

center of mass,
92

centripetal force,
114

CH system,
228

Chadwick, James,
245

chain mail,
51
,
57

chain reaction,
252
–
54

Chanute, Octave,
166
–
68

chariot,
19
,
20
,
22
,
23

Charles's law,
152

Charles VII,
66
,
67

Charles VIII,
67
,
68
,
70

CHL system,
228

chlorine gas,
192

Christian IV,
99

Church, Gilbert,
267

Churchill, Winston,
193
,
194
,
226
,
244

circumference of earth,
29

clean bomb,
279

coherent light,
286

Colbert, John Baptiste,
106

Cold War,
280
,
281

Colossus, Mark I,
244

Colt, Samuel,
132

Columbus,
91

commutator,
142

compass,
91
,
95

composite bow,
43

Compton, Arthur,
259

computers during World War II,
243

conduction band,
289

Confederate States of America,
137

conservation of momentum,
38

Constantinople,
64
,
65

Cooke, William,
140

copper,
23

Corona satellites,
292

Corsair,
234

cosmic rays,
263

Coulomb, Charles,
124

Crécy, Battle of,
52

critical mass,
263
,
267

crossbow,
43
,
48
,
51

cruise missile,
234

Curie, Marie,
203
,
247

Curtiss, Glenn,
177
,
180

Dark Ages,
50
,
69

Davy, Humphrey,
126

Descartes, Rene,
114

deuterium,
274

diffusion,
255

Doenitz, Karl,
219
,
220

dogfights,
18
,
188

doping,
290

Doppler Effect,
204
,
205
,
216

Doppler, Christian,
205

Dornberger, Walter,
237

downwash,
175

drag (bullet),
158
,
159

drones,
291
–
93

duFay, Charles,
123
,
124

Dunkirk,
226
,
227

dynamo,
130
,
142

dyne,
37

early guns of war,
87

earth as giant magnet,
94

e-bomb,
294

Edward III,
52

Egypt,
24

Einstein, Albert,
193
,
246
,
255
,
256
,
257
,
282

Eisenhower, Dwight,
233

electric and magnetic fields,
126

electric field,
197

electric field lines,
95
,
128
,
129

electric generator,
128

electric motor,
128

electromagnet,
139
,
140

electromagnetic field,
197

electromagnetic induction,
127

electromagnetic pulse,
294
,
295

electromagnetic spectrum,
199

electromagnetic waves,
197
,
198

electron volt,
252

elevator,
178

Elizabeth (Queen of Belgium),
256

energy,
39

energy band,
288

energy level,
282

Enewetak Atoll,
276

English Revolution,
107

Enigma,
243
,
244

Eratosthenes,
29
,
33

Ericsson, John,
144
,
145

Estes
,
277

excited state,
283

Explorer
1
,
292

external ballistics,
157
–
61

Faraday, Michael,
126
,
139
,
142

Farragut, David,
147

Fat Man,
267

Ferdinand, Franz,
185

Ferdinand II,
98

Fermi, Enrico,
247
–
50
,
253
–
56
,
263
–
65
,
274

Feynman, Richard,
263

fission,
251
,
263

first airplanes,
165

first tanks,
193
,
194

flame thrower,
183
,
185

flaps,
177

flintlock,
112
–
14

flintlock mechanism,
113
,
114

Flowers, Tommy,
244

Flyer I,
170

Flyer II, III,
172

Flying Circus,
188

Foch, General,
196

Fokker, Anthony,
187

force,
36

form drag,
56
,
57

form factor,
160

form friction,
176

Forsyth, Alexander,
131
,
132

Fort Morgan,
147
,
148

Franklin, Benjamin,
124

French Revolution,
106
,
117

Frisch, Otto,
250
,
251
,
258

Fritigern,
49
,
50

Fritz X,
241

Fuchs, Klaus,
274
,
275

fulcrum,
41

Fulton, Robert,
148
,
211

fusion,
273

gain medium,
286

Galileo,
80
,
81
,
157
,
203

Galileo's ballistics,
81

Galvani, Luigi,
124

gamma rays,
199

Gamow, George,
253

Garros, Roland,
180
,
187

gaseous diffusion,
266

Gatling, Richard,
143

Gatling gun,
143
,
181

Geiger Counter,
248

Genghis Khan,
59
,
60

George, Lloyd,
193
,
194

German atomic bomb,
269

German U-boats,
190
–
91
,
195
,
219
,
220
,
229

Gettysburg,
138

Gettysburg, Battle of,
138
,
139

giant crossbow of Leonardo,
75

Gilbert, William,
93
,
94

Goddard, Robert,
236
,
240

Goeben
,
190

Göring, Hermann,
230

Goths,
49
,
50

Gould, Gordon,
287

GPS,
215

Grant, Ulysses,
139