The Physics of War (44 page)

  
9
. Barry Parker,
Science 101: Physics
(Irvington, NY: Collins-Smithsonian, 2007), p. 110.

10
. Ibid., p. 112.

11
. Ibid., p. 116.

12
. Ibid., p. 118.

CHAPTER 10. THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

  
1
. Jack Kelly,
Gunpowder
(New York: Basic Books, 2004), p. 180.

  
2
. R. L. O'Connell,
Of Arms and Men
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 191.

  
3
. Kelly,
Gunpowder
, p. 182.

  
4
. Ibid., p. 188; O'Connell,
Of Arms and Men
, p. 191.

  
5
. Kelly,
Gunpowder
, p. 213; O'Connell,
Of Arms and Men
, p. 196.

  
6
. “American Civil War,”
Wikipedia
,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/american_civil_war
(accessed March 9, 2013).

  
7
. “Battle of Gettysburg,” The History Place,
http://www.historyplace.com/civilwar/battle.htm
(accessed March 9, 2013).

  
8
. Howard Taylor, “The Telegraph in the War Room,” Learning-Online,
http://www.alincolnlearning.us/Civilwartelegraphing.html
(accessed March 13, 2013).

  
9
. Mary Bellis, “Introduction to Joseph Henry,”
About.com
,
http://inventors.about.com/od/hstartinventors/a/Joseph_Henry.htm
(accessed March 14, 2013).

10
. Barry Parker, S
cience 101: Physics
(Irvington, NY: Collins-Smithsonian, 2007), p. 118.

11
. “Gatling Gun,”
Wikipedia
,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gatling_gun
(accessed March 16, 2013).

12
. Kelly,
Gunpowder
, p. 191.

13
. Craig L. Symonds, “Damn the Torpedoes! The Battle of Mobile Bay,” Civil War Trust,
http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/mobilebay/mobile-bay-history-articles/damn-the-torpedoes-the.html
(accessed March 18, 2013).

14
. “Civil War Submarines,”
AmericanCivilWar.com
,
http://americancivilwar.com/tcwn/civil_war/naval_submarine.html
(accessed March 19, 2013).

15
. “Balloons in the American Civil War,”
CivilWar.com
,
http://www.civilwar.com/weapons/observation_balloons.html
(accessed March 21, 2013).

CHAPTER 11. WHERE DOES THE BULLET GO? BALLISTICS OF RIFLE BULLETS AND CANNON SHELLS

  
1
. “Internal Ballistics,”
Wikipedia
,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/internal_ballistics
(accessed March 24, 2013).

  
2
. Nelson DeLeon, “Elementary Gas Laws: Charles Law,” Chemistry 101 Class Notes, Spring 2001,
http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/gases/charleslaw.html
(accessed March 25, 2013).

  
3
. “Recoil,”
Wikipedia
,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/recoil
(accessed March 27, 2013).

  
4
. “Introduction to Ballistics,” Federation of American Scientists,
http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/swos/gunno/INFO6.html
(accessed March 29, 2013).

  
5
. “External Ballistics,”
Wikipedia
,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/external_ballistics
(accessed April 1, 2013).

  
6
. “Terminal Ballistics,”
Wikipedia
,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/terminal_ballistics
(accessed April 1, 2013).

CHAPTER 12. HEY, LOOK…IT FLIES! AERODYNAMICS AND THE FIRST AIRPLANES

  
1
. Isaac Asimov,
The History of Physics
(New York: Walker and Company, 1966), p. 133.

  
2
. “Wright Brothers History: First Airplane Flight,” Welcome to the Wright House,
http://www.wright-house.com/wright-brothers/wrights/1903.html
(accessed April 5, 2013).

  
3
. Mary Bellis, “A Visual Timeline: The Lives of the Wright Brothers and Their Invention of the Airplane,”
About.com
,
http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventors/a/TheWrightBrothers.htm
(accessed April 5, 2013).

  
4
. Quentin Reynolds,
The Wright Brothers: Pioneers of American Aviation
(New York: Random House, 1981).

  
5
. Fred Howard,
Wilbur and Orville: A Biography of the Wright Brothers
(New York: Ballantine Books, 1988), p. 72.

  
6
. “What Makes an Airplane Fly—Level 1,” Allstar Network,
http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/fltmidfly.htm
(accessed April 8, 2013).

  
7
. Mary Bellis, “The Dynamics of Airplane Flight,”
About.com
,
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blairplanedynamics.htm
(accessed April 8, 2013).

  
8
. “What Is Drag?” National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/drag1.html
(accessed April 10, 2013).

  
9
. “The Birth of the Fighter Plane, 1915,” EyeWitness to History, 2008,
http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/fokker.htm
(accessed April 14, 2013).

10
. “Aviation in World War I,”
Wikipedia
,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I
(accessed April 14, 2013); R. L. O'Connell,
Of arms and Men
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 262.

CHAPTER 13. THE MACHINE GUN WAR—WORLD WAR I

  
1
. Ernest Volkman, S
cience Goes to War
(New York: John Wiley, 2002), p. 151; R. L. O'Connell,
Of Arms and Men
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 233.

  
2
. Michael Duffy, “Weapons of War—Machine Guns,”
firstworldwar.com
,
http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/machineguns.htm
(accessed April 20, 2013).

  
3
. “World War I—Weapons,” History on the Net,
http://www.historyonthenet.com/WW1/weapons.htm
(accessed April 22, 2013).

  
4
. M
ichael Duffy, “How It Began—Introduction,”
firstworldwar.com
,
http://www.firstworldwar.com/origins/
(accessed April 25, 2013); Jennifer Rosenberg, “World War I,
About.com
,
http://history1900s.about.com/od/worldwari/p/World-War-I.htm
(accessed April 28, 2013).

  
5
. O'Connell,
Of Arms and Men
, p. 262.

  
6
. Stephen Sherman, “Legendary Aviators and Aircraft of World War One,” 2001,
Acepilots.com
,
http://acepilots.com/wwi/
(accessed April 30, 2013).

  
7
. Michael Duffy, “The War in the Air—Air Aces of World War One,”
firstworldwar.com
,
http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/aces.htm
(accessed April 30, 2013).

  
8
. “Jan. 31, 1917: Germans Unleash U-Boats,” This Day in History, History,
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/germans-unleash-u-boats
(accessed May 3, 2013); Alex L., “U-Boats in World War I,” HistoryJournal.org,
http://www.historyjournal.org/2012/08/28/u-boats-in-world-war-i/
(accessed May 5, 2013).

  
9
. “The Sinking of the RMS
Lusitania
,”
Wikipedia
,
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania
(accessed May 4, 2013).

10
. “Poison Gas and World War One,” History Learning Site,
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/poison_gas_and_world_war_one.htm
(accessed May 5, 2013).

11
. M
ichael Duffy, “Weapons of War—Poison Gas,”
firstworldwar.com
,
http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm
(accessed May 7, 2013).

12
. “Chemical Weapons in World War I,
Wikipedia
,
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I
(accessed September 5, 2013).

13
. “Tanks and World War One,” History Learning Site,
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/tanks_and_world_war_I
(accessed May 11, 2013).

14
. Michael Duffy, “Weapons of War—Tanks,”
firstworldwar.com
,
http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/tanks.htm
(accessed May 11, 2013).

15
. “Apr. 6, 1917: America Enters World War I,” This Day in History, History,
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/america-enters-world-war-i
(accessed May 12, 2013).

CHAPTER 14. THE INVISIBLE RAYS: THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF RADIO AND RADAR IN WAR

  
1
. Barry Parker,
Science 101: Physics
(Irvington, NY: Collins-Smithsonian, 2007), p. 129.

  
2
. Ibid., p. 122.

  
3
. Ibid., p. 121; “Guglielmo Marconi,”
Wikipedia
,
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi
(accessed May 15, 2013).

  
4
. Parker,
Science 101
, pp. 123, 132.

  
5
. “
Learn about Australian Weather Watch Radar,” Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology,”
http://www.bom.gov.au/australia/radar/about
(accessed May 17, 2013).

  
6
. Robert Buderi,
The Invention That changed the World
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), p. 103.

  
7
. Louis Brown,
A Radar History of World War II
(Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Publishing, 1999), p. 84.

  
8
. James Phinney Baxter III, quoted in Buderi,
Invention That Changed the World
.

CHAPTER 15. SONAR AND THE SUBMARINE

  
1
. Isaac Asimov,
The History of Physics
(New York: Walker and Company, 1966), p. 124.

  
2
. N
athan Earls, “The Physics of Submarines,” University of Alaska Fairbanks,
http://www.ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/212_fall2003.web.dir/nathan_earls/intro_slide.html
(accessed May 20, 2013).

  
3
. M
arshall Brain and Craig Freudenrich, “How Submarines Work,” How Stuff Works,”
http://www.science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/submarine
(accessed May 22, 2013).

  
4
. “
Sonar,”
Wikipedia
,
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sonar
(accessed May 25, 2013).

  
5
. M
ary Bellis, “The History of Sonar,”
About.com
,
http://www.inventors.about.com/od/sstartinventions/a/sonar_history.htm
(accessed May 25, 2013).

  
6
. “
Torpedo,”
Wikipedia
,
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/torpedo
(accessed May 28, 2013).

  
7
. “
The German U-Boats,” uboat.net,
http://www.uboat.net/boats.htm
(accessed May 30, 2013).

  
8
. “Battle of the Philippine Sea,”
Wikipedia
,
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea
(accessed May 30, 2013).

CHAPTER 16. THE GREAT WAR: WORLD WAR II

  
1
. Jennifer Rosenberg, “World War II Starts,”
About.com
,
http://www.history1900s.about.com/od/worldwarii/a/wwiistarts.htm
(accessed June 1, 2013); “World War Two—Causes,” History on the
Net.com
,
http://www.historyonthenet.com/WW2/causes.htm
(accessed June 1, 2013).

  
2
. Editors of Legacy Publishers, “Start of World War II: September 1939–March 1940,” How Stuff Works,
http://www.history.howstuffworks/world-war-ii/start-world-war-2.htm
(accessed June 1, 2013).

  
3
. TheophileEscargot, “1940; The Battle of France,” Kuro5hin,
http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2002/5/14/55627/2665
(accessed June 4, 2013).

  
4
. Louis Brown,
A Radar History of World War II
(Philadelphia: Institute of Physics, 1979).

  
5
. Robert Buderi,
The Invention That Changed the World
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), p. 79.

  
6
. Brown,
Radar History
, p. 107.

  
7
. Buderi,
Invention
, p. 89.

  
8
. “The Battle of Britain,” BBC,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/battle_of_britain
(accessed June 5, 2013).

  
9
. “Junkers Ju 87,”
Wikipedia
,
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87
(accessed June 6, 2013).

10
. “Reasons for America's Entry into WWII,” Hubpages,
http://www.jdf78.hubpages.com/hub/Reasons-for-American-Entry-Into-WWII
(accessed June 7, 2013).

11
. “Air Warfare of World War II,”
Wikipedia
,
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II
(accessed June 8, 2013).

12
. “V-2 Rocket,”
Wikipedia
,
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket
(accessed June 9, 2013); Kennedy Hickman, “World War II: V-2 Rocket,”
About.com
,
http://www.militaryhistory.about.com/od/artillerysiegeweapons/p/v2rocket.htm
(accessed June 10, 2013).

13
. “Norden Bombsight,
Wikipedia
,
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norden_bombsight
(accessed June 11, 2013).

14
. “World War 2 Code Breaking: 1939–1945,” History,
http://www.history.co.uk/explore-history/ww2/code-breaking.html
(accessed June 13, 2013).

15
. “More Information About: Alan Turing,” BBC,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/alan_turing
(accessed June 14, 2013).