Authors: Kent Flannery,Joyce Marcus
521 Aztec perspectives on the Spanish conquest are given by Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble in
The War of Conquest: How It Was Waged Here in Mexico
(University of Utah Press, 1978), and in Miguel León-Portilla,
The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico
(Beacon Press, Boston, 1962). For the Spaniards’ perspective, see Hernando Cortés,
His Five Letters of Relation to the Emperor Charles V
(A. H. Clark, Cleveland, 1908), or Hernando Cortés,
Five Letters of Cortés to the Emperor
(W.W. Norton, New York, 1962).
521 For the Moche and their empire, see Jeffrey Quilter and Luis Jaime Castillo, eds.,
New Perspectives on Moche Political Organization
(Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C., 2010), and Luis Jaime Castillo et al., eds.,
Arqueología Mochica: Nuevos Enfoques
(Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú and Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos, Lima, 2008). For the Nasca state, see Helaine Silverman,
Ancient Nasca Settlement and Society
(University of Iowa Press, 2002), and Helaine Silverman and Donald A. Proulx,
The Nasca
(Blackwell, Malden, Mass., 2002).
521 Richard S. MacNeish et al.,
Prehistory of the Ayacucho Basin, Peru,
vol. 2:
Excavations and Chronology
(University of Michigan Press, 1981).
522 William H. Isbell and Gordon F. McEwan, eds.,
Huari Administrative Structure: Prehistoric Monumental Architecture and State Government
(Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C., 1991); Katharina J. Schreiber, “Wari Imperialism in Middle Horizon Peru,”
Anthropological Paper
87 (University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, 1992);Justin Jennings, “Understanding Middle Horizon Peru: Hermeneutic Spirals, Interpretive Traditions, and Wari Administrative Centers,”
Latin American Antiquity
17 (2006): 265–286.
522 Marcia Ascher and Robert Ascher,
Code of the Quipu
(University of Michigan Press, 1981).
523 Pikillaqta is described by William T. Sanders in “The Significance of Pikillacta in Andean Culture History,”
Occasional Papers in Anthropology
8: 380–428 (Pennsylvania State University, 1973), and in William H. Isbell and Gordon F. McEwan, eds.,
Huari Administrative Structure
(see previous reference).
524 Charles Stanish,
Ancient Titicaca: The Evolution of Social Power in the Titicaca Basin of Peru and Bolivia
(University of California Press, 2003). Another important publication on Tiwanaku is Alan Kolata, ed.,
Tiwanaku and Its Hinterland II: Urban and Rural Archaeology
(Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 2003).
524 Pukara is described by José María Franco in “Arqueología Sudperuana: Informe Sobre los Trabajos Arqueológicos de la Misión Kidder en Pukara, Peru (enero a julio de 1939),”
Revista del Museo Nacional
9 (1940): 128–142, and in Elizabeth Klarich, “From the Mundane to the Monumental: Defining Early Leadership Strategies at Late Formative Pukara, Peru” (PhD diss., University of California at Santa Barbara, 2005).
524 Carlos Ponce Sanginés,
El Templete Semisubterraneo de Tiwanaku
(Editorial Juventud, La Paz, Bolivia, 1990); Alan Kolata,
The Tiwanaku
(Blackwell, Cambridge, UK, 1993); Juan Albarracín-Jordan,
Tiwanaku: Arqueología Regional y Dinámica Segmentaria
(Editores Plural, La Paz, Bolivia, 1996); John Wayne Janusek,
Ancient Tiwanaku
(Cambridge University Press, 2008); Justin Jennings and Nathan Craig, “Polity Wide Analysis and Imperial Political Economy: The Relationship between Valley Political Complexity and Administrative Centers in the Wari Empire of the Central Andes,”
Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
20 (2001): 479–502.
525 Donna J. Nash and Patrick Ryan Williams, “Wari Political Organization: The Southern Periphery,” in Joyce Marcus and Patrick Ryan Williams, eds.,
Andean Civilization: A Tribute to Michael E. Moseley
(UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, Los Angeles, 2009), 257–276. Also see Ryan Williams, “Cerro Baúl: A Wari Center on the Tiwanaku Frontier,”
Latin American Antiquity
12 (2001): 67–83, and Michael E. Moseley et al., “Burning Down the Brewery: Establishing and Evacuating an Ancient Imperial Colony at Cerro Baúl, Peru,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
102 (2005): 17264–17271.
525 Sergio Chávez, “The Arapa and Thunderbolt Stelae: A Case of Stylistic Identity with Implications for Pucara Influences in the Area of Tiahuanaco,”
Ñawpa Pacha
13 (1975): 3–26, and “La Piedra del Rayo y La Estela de Arapa: Un Caso de Identidad Estilística, Pucara-Tiahuanaco,”
Arte y Arqueología
8–9 (1984): 1–27.
525 For information on the breakdown of the Tiwanaku region to pucaras after
A.D.
1200, see chapter 9 in Charles Stanish,
Ancient Titicaca
(see previous reference).
527 Garth Bawden, “Galindo: A Study in Cultural Transition during the Middle Horizon,” in Michael E. Moseley and Kent C. Day, eds.,
Chan Chan: Andean Desert City
(University of New Mexico Press, 1982), 285–320.
527 Key data on Chan Chan are contained in Michael E. Moseley and Kent C. Day,
Chan Chan,
including chapters on the royal compounds by Kent C. Day, on the burial platforms by Geoffrey W. Conrad, on the compounds of the lesser elite by Alexandra M. Ulana Klymyshyn, and on commoner residences by John R. Topic Jr., as well as other important themes.
527 Chimú split inheritance is discussed by Geoffrey W. Conrad in “Cultural Materialism, Split Inheritance, and the Expansion of Ancient Peruvian Empires,”
American Antiquity
46 (1981): 3–42, and in “The Burial Platforms of Chan Chan: Some Social and Political Implications,” in Michael E. Moseley and Kent C. Day,
Chan Chan,
87–117.
529 Carol Mackey, “Chimú Statecraft in the Provinces,” in Joyce Marcus and Patrick Ryan Williams, eds.,
Andean Civilization,
325–349; also see Michael E. Moseley and Alana Cordy-Collins, eds.,
The Northern Dynasties: Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor
(Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C., 1990).
531 R. Alan Covey,
How the Inca Built Their Heartland: State Formation and the Innovation of Imperial Strategies in the Sacred Valley, Peru
(University of Michigan Press, 2006); Brian S. Bauer,
The Development of the Inca State
(University of Texas Press, 1992). Also see Brian S. Bauer and R. Alan Covey, “Processes of State Formation in the Inca Heartland (Cuzco, Peru),”
American Anthropologist
10 (2002): 846–864, and Brian S. Bauer,
Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca
(University of Texas Press, 2004).
531 The Inka rulers are described in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century documents, including Juan de Betanzos,
Suma y Narración de los Incas
(Ediciones Atlas, Madrid, 1987); Juan Polo de Ondegardo, “Del Linaje de los Ingas y Como Conquistaron,” in
Colección de Libros y Documentos Referentes a la Historia del Perú
4: 45–94 (Sanmartí Press, Lima, Peru, 1917); Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, “Historia de Los Incas,”
Biblioteca de Autores Españoles,
vol. 135 (Ediciones Atlas, Madrid, 1965); Miguel Cabello Balboa,
Miscelánea Antártica: Una Historia del Perú Antiguo
(Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 1951); Antonio Vázquez de Espinosa, “Compendio y Descripción de las Indias Occidentales,”
Biblioteca de Autores Españoles,
vol. 231 (Ediciones Atlas, Madrid, 1969). Also see María Rostworowski,
Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui
(Torres Aguirre Press, Lima, Peru, 1953), and
History of the Inca Realm
(Cambridge University Press, 1999). For information on the Chanka, see Brian S. Bauer, Lucas C. Kellett, and Miriam Aráoz,
The Chanka: Archaeological Research in Andahuaylas (Apurimac), Peru
(UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, Los Angeles, 2010).
532 See Richard L. Burger and Lucy C. Salazar, eds.,
The 1912 Yale Peruvian Scientific Expedition Collections from Machu Picchu
(Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn., 2003), and Richard L. Burger and Lucy C. Salazar, eds.,
Machu Picchu: Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas
(Yale University Press, 2004). The 2003 volume includes a chapter by biological anthropologist John Verano, who is able to show that the individuals buried at Machu Picchu came from different parts of the Inka Empire. See also Johan Reinhard,
Machu Picchu: Exploring an Ancient Sacred Center,
4th ed. (UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, Los Angeles, 2007).
532 The ayllu is discussed by R. Tom Zuidema,
Inca Civilization in Cuzco
(University of Texas Press, 1990); María Rostworowski de Diez Canseco,
Historia del Tahuantinsuyu
(Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima, 1988); John V. Murra, “The Economic Organization of the Inca State” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 1956); and Karen Spalding,
Huarochirí: An Andean Society under Inca and Spanish Rule
(Stanford University Press, 1984).
533 Darrell E. La Lone, “The Inca as a Nonmarket Economy: Supply on Command versus Supply and Demand,” in Jonathon E. Ericson and Timothy K. Earle, eds.,
Contexts for Prehistoric Exchange
(Academic Press, New York, 1982), 291–316; Charles Stanish, “Nonmarket Imperialism in the Prehispanic Americas: The Inka Occupation of the Titicaca Basin,”
Latin American Antiquity
8 (1997): 195–216.
533 The terms
Inka, Sapa Inka, Curaca,
and
Qoya
are discussed in John H. Rowe, “The Inca Culture at the Time of the Spanish Conquest,” in Julian H. Steward, ed.,
Handbook of South American Indians,
vol. 2 (Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian, Washington, D.C., 1946), 183–330; María Rostworowski,
History of the Inca Realm,
and John V. Murra, “The Economic Organization of the Inca State” (see previous reference).
533 The litter-bearers and road-sweepers from the Province of Rucanas are described by John H. Rowe in “The Inca Culture at the Time of the Spanish Conquest.” Also see John V. Murra, “The Economic Organization of the Inca State.”
534 Information on royal mummies is given in Brian S. Bauer,
Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca
(University of Texas Press, 2004), and in John V. Murra, “The Economic Organization of the Inca State.”
535 Downtown Cusco is described by Inca Garcilaso de la Vega in
Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru,
parts 1 and 2 (University of Texas Press, 1966), and by Pedro Pizarro in
Relation of the Discovery and Conquest of the Kingdoms of Peru
(The Cortés Society, New York, 1921). Also see Brian S. Bauer,
Ancient Cuzco,
chapter 10. Chapter 11 of Bauer’s book covers the Coricancha and the ceque system. Information on the ceques is also given by R. Tom Zuidema in
The Ceque System of Cuzco: The Social Organization of the Capital of the Inca
(E. J. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands, 1964).
538 Tampus and collcas are discussed in John Hyslop,
The Inka Road System
(Academic Press, Orlando, Fla., 1984); Terry Y. Levine, ed.,
Inka Storage Systems
(University of Oklahoma Press, 1992); Craig Morris, “Storage in Tawantinsuyu” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 1967); and Craig Morris, “Storage, Supply, and Redistribution in the Economy of the Inka State,” in John Murra, Nathan Wachtel, and Jacques Revel, eds.,
Anthropological History of Andean Polities
(Cambridge University Press, 1986), 59–68. The Inca decimal system is described by Catherine J. Julien in “Inca Decimal Administration in the Lake Titicaca Region,” in George A. Collier, Renato I. Rosaldo, and John D. Wirth, eds.,
The Inca and Aztec States 1400–1800
(Academic Press, New York, 1982), 119–151, and by John H. Rowe in “The Inca Culture at the Time of the Spanish Conquest.”
538 Miguel Cabello Balboa,
Miscelánea Antártica
(see previous reference).
539 The Chincha Valley sites are discussed by Craig Morris in “Links in the Chain of Inka Cities: Communication, Alliance, and the Cultural Production of Status, Value, and Power,” in Joyce Marcus and Jeremy A. Sabloff, eds.,
The Ancient City: New Perspectives on Urbanism in the Old and New World
(School for Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe, N. Mex., 2008), 299–319, and by Craig Morris and Julián I. Santillana in “The Inka Transformation of the Chincha Capital,” in Richard L. Burger, Craig Morris, and Ramiro Matos M., eds.,
Variations in the Expression of Inka Power
(Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C., 2007), 135–163.
539 Joyce Marcus,
Excavations at Cerro Azul: The Architecture and Pottery
(UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, Los Angeles, 2008).
540 Craig Morris and Donald E. Thompson,
Huánuco Pampa: An Inca City and Its Hinterland
(Thames and Hudson, London, 1985). For a description of Huánuco Pampa in
A.D.
1553, see Pedro Cieza de León,
The Incas
(University of Oklahoma Press, 1959).
542 Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa,
Historia de Los Incas;
María Rostworowski,
History of the Inca Realm;
John H. Rowe, “The Inca Culture at the Time of the Spanish Conquest” (see previous reference).
With the exception of Figure 54, all illustrations in this book are drawings done by John Klausmeyer (JK) or Kay Clahassey (KC) for Kent Flannery and Joyce Marcus. Many of the drawings were inspired by old photographs, taken before globalization had irreversibly modified the society depicted. Other illustrations have been redrawn, with modification, from earlier works.