Planet of the Bugs: Evolution and the Rise of Insects (39 page)

amino acids,
24
,
188

amphibians,
3
,
18
,
94
,
120–21
,
126
,
173
,
181
,
203n1
(ch. 4); age of,
53
; Carboniferous,
73
,
76
,
84
,
90
; Devonian,
55–56
; eggs of,
87
; first,
55
; keyhole,
75–76
; tadpoles of,
87

anal trophallaxis,
148

Andes,
155
,
170–71
,
174
,
176
,
185

angiosperms,
xiii
,
2
,
156–57
,
159
,
165–66

animals: complex,
92
; exoskeletal,
26
; first land,
36
; land,
37
; multicellular,
20
,
23
,
29
,
191
; terrestrial,
35
,
40
; vertebrate,
19
; warm-blooded,
94

annelids,
26–27
,
30
,
43
,
58

Anomalocaris
,
19
,
136

anoxia,
97

Antarctica,
24
,
65
,
112
,
155

antennae,
xi
,
45
,
59
,
67
,
117

antifreeze,
3
,
65

ants,
1
,
3
,
15
,
75
,
117
,
128
,
160
,
162–64
,
166–67
,
176
,
179
,
191
; army,
163
; bullet,
212n9
;
Formica
,
14
; gigantic mutated,
92
; super-colonies of,
9
; weaver,
212n7
; worker,
100
,
205n9

Apatosaurus
,
132
,
154
,
208n2

aphids,
102
,
163
,
166

Apidae,
10

aposematism,
14
,
84
,
121
,
151
,
pl. 7–8

appendages: feeding,
19
,
45
,
117
; filamentous,
76
; jointed,
11
,
20
,
27
,
29–30
,
31
,
37
,
93
; taillike,
143–44

aquatic insects,
x
,
3
,
79–80
,
87
,
97–99
,
106–9
,
117
,
124–25
,
129
,
143
,
181
,
204n2
,
206n16

arachnids,
41

Archaeognatha,
67
,
68
,
205n5

Archaeopteryx
,
149–50
,
210–11nn12–13

Arthropoda,
11
,
20

arthropods,
11
,
17
,
20
,
27
,
31
,
37
,
188
,
190–92
; age of,
19
; Cambrian,
16
,
19–20
,
23
,
27
; characteristics of,
31
,
93
; defined,
30
; Devonian,
54
,
56
; first,
x
,
17
,
27
; footprints of,
40
; giant,
92–93
; hexapod,
67–68
; in film,
92–93
; microscopic,
75
; molting of,
61
; predatory,
19
,
173
; scavenging,
69
; Silurian,
xi
,
37
; soil-dwelling,
58
,
65
,
74
,
79
; terrestrial,
49

assassin bugs,
126–27
,
pl. 6

asteroids,
xiii
,
15
,
23
,
96
,
99
,
113
,
154
,
168–69
,
172
,
190

astrobiology,
189

atmosphere: earth’s,
24–25
; oxygen rich,
188

Australopithecus
,
213n1

axillary sclerites,
88

bacteria,
5–6
,
18–19
,
23–24
,
26
,
47
,
64
,
148
,
176
,
189
,
191

ballast stones,
107

bark: beetles,
74
; lice,
74–75
,
110–11
,
179
,
208n14
; tree,
74
,
110
,
pl. 4

bat flies,
13
,
13
,
181

bats,
xii
,
13
,
81
,
85
,
181
,
186

beaches,
40–41
,
45
,
52–53
,
55

beaks,
82
,
98
,
100
,
103
,
116
,
126

bee flies,
157

bees,
6
,
10
,
15
,
74–75
,
89
,
117
,
128
,
154
,
157
,
160
,
162
,
164
,
167
,
169
,
179
,
183
,
211n5
;
Bombus
,
10
; bumble,
10
; carpenter,
10
; first,
152
; honey,
10
; primitive,
162

beetles,
5
,
11
,
89
,
94–95
,
109–10
,
114
,
118
,
121–22
,
129
,
140
,
151
,
156–57
,
169
,
176
,
179
,
183
,
191
,
205n6
; bark,
74
; beaver parasite,
13
; click,
xiii
; dung-feeding,
1
,
121
; feather-winged,
103
; first,
95
,
110
; flat-headed,
74
; Goliath,
86–87
,
131
; ground,
10
; grubs of,
124
,
138
,
140
; Hercules,
131
; inordinate fondness for,
192–93
; June,
1
; Jurassic,
xiii
; ladybug,
1
; leaf,
xiii
,
pl. 10
; long-horned,
viii
,
x–xiv
; metallic,
xiii
; parasitic,
13
; Permian,
xii
,
15
,
94
; rhinoceros,
132
; scarab,
xiii
; subterranean,
3
; weevil,
xiii
; wood-boring,
xii–xiii
,
74–75
,
109
,
135
,
179

behavior: defensive,
39
,
147
,
179
; egg-laying,
141
,
160
; lekking,
204n1
(ch. 5); nocturnal,
42
,
89
,
123–24
; parasitic,
136–46
; predatory,
136
; social,
128
; territorial,
164

Berlese funnel,
65

bias: arthropodan,
40
; human-centrist,
18
,
38
,
55

big bang,
37
,
185

bilateral symmetry,
30

binomial nomenclature,
8

biodegradation,
2

biodiversity,
173
; crisis,
183

bioindicators,
5

biological species concept,
6

biomass: arthropod,
64
; host,
146
; insect,
3
,
128
; plant,
75
,
90
; vertebrate,
3
,
128

biophilia,
154

bipedalism,
61

bird lice,
13
,
167
,
181

birds,
xii
,
3
,
15
,
18
,
73–75
,
80–81
,
84–85
,
116
,
120
,
130
,
165
,
167
,
169
,
174
,
181
,
186
; first,
116
,
122
,
149–51
; migratory,
116
; nests of,
74
,
151
; oldest-known,
149
; shore,
114

Blattaria,
89
,
99
,
122

blood,
78
,
106
,
135
,
141–43
,
206n2

body: forms,
27
,
42
,
59
,
143
; lice,
2
; parts,
11
; plans,
27
; segmented,
93
; size,
62–63
,
103

Bombyliidae,
157

book: gills,
42
; lice,
110
; lungs,
42

brachiopods,
39
,
43
,
54
,
95
,
207n4

Braconidae,
10
,
128
,
144

brains,
29
,
59
,
134
,
166

branches,
57
,
103
,
120
,
162
,
172
,
175

bristletails,
xi
,
61
,
67–69
,
68
,
76
,
79
,
129
,
146–47
,
175
,
205n5
,
205n8

bromeliads,
xi
,
3
,
22
,
89
,
175
,
181
,
186

brontosaurs,
117
,
127
,
132–35
,
208n2

buggy universe hypothesis,
191–92

bugs,
11
,
15
,
89
,
94
,
151
,
163
,
179
,
191
; assassin,
126–27
,
pl. 6
; bed,
126
; giant water,
126
; hyperdiversity of,
xiv
; plant,
126
,
157
; royal palm,
1
; seed,
126
; stink,
126
,
154
; true,
xiv
,
11
,
118
,
122
,
126–27
; velvety shore,
1

Burgess Shale,
18
,
45

burrows,
25–26
,
29

butterflies,
5–7
,
11
,
15
,
70
,
84
,
89
,
105
,
154
,
157
,
159
,
169
,
191
;
Altinote
,
184
,
pl. 8
; birdwing,
1
; brush-footed,
60
; first,
152
,
158
; hyperdiversity of,
xiv
;
malachite,
pl. 1
; monarch,
6–7
; nymphalid,
pl. 1
,
pl. 8
; papilionid,
144
; viceroy,
6–7

caddisflies,
11
,
95
,
99
,
106–9
,
117–18
,
122
,
208n12

calcium carbonate,
23–24
,
26

Calymene celebra
,
38–39

Cambrian: arthropods,
x
,
16
,
173
; Early,
30
,
45
; explosion,
20
,
23
,
25
,
80
,
94
,
190
; fossils,
25
; Late,
27
,
33–34
,
54
; macrofauna,
26
; period,
x
,
17–35
,
37
,
39
,
56
,
96
,
181
; seas,
27
; shallow marine communities,
22
; trilobites,
21
,
27
,
32–35

Campodeidae,
66

camouflage,
14
,
84
,
pl. 1–4