Read Men of Bronze: Hoplite Warfare in Ancient Greece Online
Authors: Donald Kagan,Gregory F. Viggiano
Men of Bronze: Hoplite Warfare in Ancient Greece (69 page)
Donald Kagan
is Sterling Professor of Classics and History at Yale University. His most recent books are
The Peloponnesian War
and
Thucydides: The Reinvention of History
.
Peter Krentz
received his PhD in history from Yale University in 1979 and has since taught Greek and Roman history at Davidson College, where he is now the W. R. Grey Professor of Classics and History. He has written a series of articles about Greek warfare, leading up to
The Battle of Marathon
(Yale University Press, 2010).
Kurt A. Raaflaub
is David Herlihy Professor of Classics and History emeritus at Brown University. His research interests cover archaic and classical Greek as well as Roman republican political, social, and intellectual history, and the comparative history of ancient civilizations. His books include
The Discovery of Freedom in Ancient Greece
(2004),
War and Society in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds
(coed., 1999), and
War and Peace in the Ancient World
(ed., 2007).
Adam Schwartz
is a postdoctoral fellow at the Section for Greek and Latin, University of Copenhagen. He is the author of
Reinstating the Hoplite: Arms, Armour and Phalanx Fighting in Archaic and Classical Greece
(2009) and has published studies on Aristotle’s
Politics
, Greek interstate alliances, and Homeric society. He currently does research on early Greek literacy.
Anthony Snodgrass
served as Laurence Professor of Classical Archaeology at the University of Cambridge (UK) from 1976 to 2001. His first field of research was in Greek military equipment, later extended into the broader study of the archaeology of Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece as a whole.
Hans van Wees
is Grote Professor of Ancient History at University College London. He is the author of
Greek Warfare: Myths and Realities
(2004), editor of
War and Violence in Ancient Greece
(2010), and coeditor of
The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare
(2007).
Gregory F. Viggiano
received his PhD in classics from Yale University. He is assistant professor of history at Sacred Heart University in Fairfield, Connecticut. He and Kagan are the authors of
Problems in the History of Ancient Greece
.
INDEX
Abu Simbel, mercenaries’ names inscribed at,
184
Achaean League,
92
Adcock, F. E.,
16
–
18
,
21
,
28
,
52n.73
,
269
Agis,
9
agriculture: the emergence of hoplites and,
xvi
,
28
–
35
,
97
,
122
–
23
,
176
–
77
,
194
–
95
,
217
,
260
–
61
; farmer-citizen-soldiers,
9
–
10
,
17
–
18
,
22
–
23
,
34
,
113
,
271n.9
; the gentleman farmer, definition of,
236
; the Greek countryside/landscape, archaeological data regarding (
see
archaeological data
); harvests and farms, estimating size and value of,
230
–
31
; land ownership and the economic circumstances of farmers (
see
historical development
); production for the market in classical Athens,
249n.67
; soldiers of fortune escaping from farmwork,
182
; the yeoman farmer, definition of,
223
Alcibiades,
272n.19
Alcock, Susan,
214
Alexander the Great,
11
Ando, Hiroshe,
79
Andrewes, Anthony,
xiv
,
16
,
18
–
20
,
138
Angel, John Lawrence,
166
archaeological data: Berbati-Limnes Survey,
209
–
13
; Boeotia Survey,
198
–
99
,
202
–
5
; historical data and,
195
,
217
–
18
; the hoplite question, contributions to,
xiii
; intensive surveys: method, strengths, and limits of,
196
–
99
; Keos Survey,
198
,
202
–
6
; Kythera Survey,
214
–
15
; Laconia Survey,
212
,
214
,
236
; Methana Survey,
207
–
10
; Pylos Survey,
214
–
15
; rural settlement,
215
–
17
,
235
–
36
; Southern Argolid Survey,
205
–
7
; summary of survey projects,
200
–
201
.
See also
data
Archidamus,
8
Archilochus of Paros,
97
,
179
,
190
–
91
Aristagoras,
7
Aristophanes,
137
Aristotle: agriculture, importance in Attica of,
172
–
73n.55
; farmers, limited enthusiasm for,
240
,
242
; the grand hoplite narrative and,
269
; hoplite phalanx, rise of,
241
–
42
; the “middle” class,
235
; middling farmers and government, relationship of,
33
,
113
,
260
; political and military development, connection of,
xiv
,
1
,
19
,
75
–
76
,
79
–
80
,
259
–
60
; size of cities,
250n.76
armor: of the classical period,
62
–
63
; Corinthian helmet,
24
–
25
,
51n.36
,
60
–
61
,
72n.7
,
99
–
100
,
117
; corselet,
61
–
62
; dedications of in sanctuaries,
87
–
88
; disadvantages of hoplite,
24
; evolution of hoplite,
35
–
38
,
88
,
99
–
100
,
168
–
69
; greaves,
62
; the hoplite shield (
see
hoplite shield
); introduction of hoplite,
14
–
16
,
62
; lightened form of the hoplite panoply,
62
–
63
,
88
; physiology of wearers,
165
–
68
; representations of,
58
,
61
–
69
; shields (
see
shields
); thigh and arm guards,
62
; weight of,
8
,
51n.36
,
127
–
28n.28
,
168
,
265
–
66
(
see also
hoplite shield: weight of
).
see also
equipment
art.
See
iconography
Athenaeus,
179
Athenagoras,
272n.19
Athens: egalitarianism and number of yeomen hoplites in fifth-century,
242
–
43
; hoplites in,
20
,
125
–
26
; leisure class, size of,
249n.59
; political evolution in,
6
; political stability of, conditions for the poor working masses and,
238
–
40
;
population in 322 BC,
231
,
247n.40
; production for the market in classical,
249n.67
; Solon’s property classes and the distribution of wealth in,
229
–
33
(
see also
Solon
)
Babylon, Greek mercenaries employed by rulers of,
185
battle formations: Etruscan adoption of hoplite,
88
; hoplite equipment and close-order,
243
–
44
; the hoplite shield and,
57
–
59
,
91
–
92
,
116
–
19
,
139
–
40
,
169
(
see also
hoplite shield
); the phalanx (
see
phalanx, the
); the rugby model,
8
,
128n.41
,
146
battle tactics: the charge,
140
–
42
; the collision,
17
,
25
–
26
,
117
–
18
,
128
–
29n.41
,
142
–
43
; flanks, concerns regarding,
9
; flexibility of,
43
–
44
; in fourth-century battles,
267
–
69
; geography and,
271n.8
; Grundy’s description of,
7
–
12
; massed fighting into phalanx fighting, question of how/why this development occurred,
75
,
78
; Near Eastern and Greek, comparison of,
100
–
101
; pushing/shoving,
26
–
27
,
59
,
143
–
48
,
263
–
64
; revisionist view of,
115
,
263
–
65
; revolution in, the phalanx as,
12
,
14
–
16
(
see also
phalanx, hoplite
); Western way of war, uniqueness of,
22
–
23
Berve, H.
112
Blyth, P. H.
136
,
159
–
61
,
172n.38
Boardman, John,
136
Bol, Peter,
148
Bomarzo shield,
157
–
58
,
160
–
61
,
170n.5
,
170n.12
,
172n.38
Broodbank, Cyprian,
214
Cahn, David,
161
Cartledge, Paul: defend crops, readiness of wealthy nonaristocrats to,
55n.161
; Homer, interpretation of,
45
–
46
,
87
; hoplite equipment and close-order battle formations, relationship of,
91
,
138
,
243
; rugby analogy for fighting between phalanges,
143
; sudden-change theory, nuances added to,
xiv
,
38
–
39
Cawkwell, G. L.,
xv
,
41
,
43
–
44
,
81
Cherry, J. F.
198
Chigi vase: battle depicted on,
59
,
142
; dating of hoplite tactics using,
xiii
,
12
,
15
–
16
,
19
,
160n.24
; gradualist interpretation of,
68
; Helbig as first to analyze,
12
; hoplite phalanx, first undeniable depiction of,
67
; piper depicted on,
15
,
138
; questions raised by,
67
–
68
chronology: approaches to dating emergence of the phalanx,
88
–
91
; dedications of armor in sanctuaries as evidence regarding,
87
–
88
; difficulties in dating emergence of the phalanx,
12
–
13
; disappearance of the hoplite system,
92
–
93
; early and lengthy evolution of the phalanx, arguments for,
101
–
3
,
266
–
67
; emergence of the phalanx, varying positions regarding,
137
–
38
; gradualism, limited consensus regarding,
91
; Hanson vs. van Wees on,
194
–
95
; Homer and emergence of the phalanx, issues regarding,
85
–
87
; the hoplite orthodoxy regarding,
xii
–
xiv
; hoplites, emergence of,
176
(
see also
soldiers of fortune
); late development of the phalanx, arguments for,
42
–
43
,
137
,
244
; “mature” phase of heavily armed hoplites, beginning and end of,
88
; representations of hoplites on vases and,
63
–
70
.
See also
grand hoplite narrative
;
historical development
city-state.
See
polis
civic ideology/mentality, hoplites and,
176
–
78
,
180
Cook, Erwin,
97
Corinthian helmet,
24
–
25
,
51n.36
,
60
–
61
,
72n.7
,
99
–
100
,
117
Croce, Benedetto,
74
Cypselus of Corinth,
16
,
19
–
20
,
124
–
25
data: archaeological (
See
archaeological data
); archeological
vs
. historical sources of,
194
–
95
,
217
–
18
.
See also
scholarship
;
sources