It's Our Turn to Eat (42 page)

1 Jomo Kenyatta was not alone in regarding the word ‘Kikuyu' as a European deformation of the more correct ‘Gikuyu'. However, ‘Kikuyu' so predominates in both the Kenyan media and academic writing that using ‘Gikuyu'–now widely reserved for the language–to refer to the community strikes me as pretentious.

2 ‘Kenya's Chance for a New Beginning',
Financial Times
, 30 December 2002.

3 Chinua Achebe,
The Trouble with Nigeria
, Fourth Dimension, 1983.

4 Bruce Berman and John Lonsdale,
Unhappy Valley: Conflict in Kenya and Africa, Book Two
, James Currey Ltd, 1992.

5 Wangari Muta Maathai,
Unbowed: One Woman's Story
, Heinemann, 2004.

6 Michael Blundell,
A Love Affair with the Sun: A Memoir of Seventy Years in Kenya
, Kenway Publications, 1994.

7 Gerard Prunier, ‘Kenya: Histories of Hidden War', www.opendemocracy.net, 29 February 2008.

8 Karuti Kanyinga, ‘When Figures Count: Governance, Institutions and Inequality in Kenya', Society for International Development (SID).

9 ‘Ministers' Home Areas Get Lion's Share of Roads Cash',
Daily Nation
, 20 July 2006.

10 Jean-François Bayart, Stephen Ellis and Beatrice Hibou,
The Criminalisation of the State in Africa
, African Issues Series, James Currey Ltd, 1999, p. 103.

11 Transparency International–Kenya, ‘Kenya Bribery Index 2001', www.tikenya.org.

12 M. Brockerhoff and P. Hewitt, ‘Ethnicity and Child Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa', Population Control, New York, 1998.

13 ‘Public servants would have engaged in business covertly anyway if they had not been allowed to do so by regulation': Duncan Ndegwa,
Walking in Kenyatta Struggles: My Story
, Kenya Leadership Institute, 2006, p. 498.

14 By 1998, Kenya's stock of pending bills stood at an estimated 22 billion shillings. As Transparency International reported in its 2002 report ‘Public Resources, Private Purposes', ‘pending bills remain a slow time bomb that will explode in the face of Kenyan taxpayers'. Another useful paper on the various scams used throughout Kenyan history is Gladwell Otieno, ‘The NARC's Anti-Corruption Drive in Kenya: Somewhere Over the Rainbow?',
African Security Review
, Vol. 14, No. 4,2005.

15 Peter Warutere, ‘The Goldenberg Conspiracy: The Game of Paper, Gold, Money and Power', Institute for Security Studies, Paper 117, September 2005; ‘Report of the Judicial Commission of Inquiry into the Goldenberg Affair', Chairman Hon. Mr Justice S.E.O. Bosire, October 2005.

16 ‘A Survey of Seven Years of Waste', Centre for Governance and Development, Nairobi, February 2001.

17 ‘If you take a skunk home as a pet willingly, it's yours, together with its disturbing fragrance. It's disingenuous of you to blame the person you took it from for the smell and it is equally dishonest for the person who gave it to you to point at you and scream that these days you smell': John Githongo,
East African Standard
, 30 September 2006.

18 Jomo Kenyatta,
Facing Mount Kenya
, East African Educational Publishers Ltd, 1938. Other key publications on pre-colonial Kikuyu society are L.S.B. Leakey,
Mau Mau and the Kikuyu
, Methuen and Co. Ltd, 1952; Fr C. Cagnolo,
The Agikuyu: Their Customs, Traditions and Folklore
, 1933, revised edition 2006.

19 Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen,
Kenya Diary 1902–1906
, Oliver & Boyd, 1957.

20 Godfrey Muriuki,
A History of the Kikuyu 1500–1900
, Oxford University Press, 1974.

21
Time
magazine, 30 March 1953.

22 David Anderson,
Histories of the Hanged: Britain's Dirty War in Kenya and the End of the Empire
, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005.

23 E.S. Atieno Odhiambo and John Lonsdale,
Mau Mau and Nationhood
, James Currey Ltd, 2003, p. 46.

24 Anderson,
Histories of the Hanged
, op. cit., Caroline Elkins,
Britain's Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya
, Jonathan Cape, 2005, and Lotte Hughes,
Moving the Maasai
, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, are the most notable examples.

25 Blundell,
A Love Affair with the Sun
, op. cit.

26 Society for International Development, ‘Pulling Apart. Facts and Figures on Inequality in Kenya', October 2004.

27 Kenya National Audit Office, ‘Special Audit Report of the Controller and Auditor-General on Financing, Procurement and Implementation of Security Related Projects', April 2006.

28 Mars Group Kenya GAP Report No. 2, ‘Illegally Binding: The Missing Anglo-Leasing Scandal Promissory Notes', www.marsgroupkenya.org.

29 NARC's Assistant Justice Minister Njeru Githae, ‘New Plan to Recover the Looted Billions',
Daily Nation
, 16 July 2003.

30 Paul Collier,
The Bottom Billion
, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 109.

31 Stephen Brown, ‘Authoritarian Leaders and Multiparty Elections in Africa: How Foreign Donors Help to Keep Kenya's Daniel arap Moi in Power',
Third World Quarterly
, Vol. 22, No. 5, 2001, pp. 725–39.

32 Bronwen Maddox, ‘Cracks Under Surface of the £5bn Labour Mission for World's Poor',
The Times
, 19 March 2007.

33 Department of Institutional Integrity, World Bank, ‘Kenya Detailed Implementation Review Report', 10 January 2007. This strictly confidential report was published on the website of the
Wall Street Journal
(‘Kenya and the World Bank') on 6 March 2008.

34 Richard Beeston and Xan Rice, ‘Regime is Told to Clean up its Act or Pay Price', ‘Watchdog Muzzled by his Master Prepares to Bark',
The Times
, 21 January 2006.

35 ‘Exclusive: The Anglo Leasing Truth',
Daily Nation
, 22 January 2006.

36 The Kenyan government commissioned an inquiry into the Artur brothers saga, dubbed the Kiruki Commission. In April 2007 the government announced that its findings would not be publicly released for reasons of ‘national security'.

37 Public Accounts Committee, ‘Report on Special Audit on Procurement of Passport Issuing Equipment by the Department of Immigration, Office of the Vice-president and Ministry of Home Affairs', Kenya National Assembly, March 2006.

38 UNDP, 5th Kenya Human Development Report, 2006.

39 British aid to Kenya rose from £24.9 million in 2002–03 to £64.2 million in 2005–06, according to DfID's annual reports. Despite talk of contracts with British companies being cancelled under Kibaki, UK exports to Kenya were £214.98 million in 2006, compared to £158.86 million in 2002, the last year of the Moi presidency, according to the UK Department of Trade and Industry. With £1.5 billion in investments, the UK remains by far the largest foreign investor in Kenya.

40 ‘Ethnicity and Violence in the 2007 Elections in Kenya', Afrobarometer Briefing Paper No. 48, February 2008; Roxana Gutierrez Romero, Mwangi S. Kimenyi and Stefan Dercon, ‘The 2007 Elections, Post-Conflict Recovery and Coalition Government in Kenya',
Improving Institutions for Pro-Poor Growth
, 26 September 2008.

41 Well-researched reports on the 2007–08 election crisis include: ‘Still Behaving Badly', Second Periodic Report of the Election-Monitoring Project, December 2007; Kenya National Commission on Human Rights; ‘Kenya in Crisis', Africa Report No. 135, Crisis Group, 21 February 2008; and ‘Ballots to Bullets: Organised Political Violence and Kenya's Crisis of Governance',
Human Rights Watch
, Vol. 20, No. 1 (A), March 2008.

42 David Anderson and Emma Lochery, ‘Violence and Exodus in Kenya's Rift Valley, 2008: Predictable and Preventable?',
Journal of Eastern African Studies
, Vol. 2, No. 2, July 2008.

43 Britain's 2005 Commission for Africa report, ‘Our Common Interest', makes this point in its ‘Culture' chapter, quoting academics Stephen Ellis and Gerrie ter Haar: ‘No more than anyone else do Africa and Africans have an authentic, unchanging culture that is transmitted from one generation to another, or ought to be.'

44 cf Bayart, Ellis and Hibou,
The Criminalisation of the State in Africa
, op. cit., p. 101: ‘Special anti-corruption units and commissions exist essentially to attack political and economic rivals, while at the same time placating aid donors.'

45 David Pallister, ‘Fraud Office Inquiry into UK Links to Kenyan Cash and Arms Scandal',
Guardian
, 1 October 2007.

46 Niels Tobiasen, Danish managing director of a Wiltshire security firm, was given a suspended five-month sentence in September 2008 for bribing a Ugandan official in order to win Ugandan army training contracts ahead of a Commonwealth summit in Kampala. Also cf Transparency International Progress Report 2008, ‘Enforcement of the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials'.

47 ‘Did Kamani Meet Kibaki?',
Nairobi Star
, 18 May 2008.

Note: Entries in this index, carried over verbatim from the print edition of this title, are unlikely to correspond to the pagination of any given e-book reader. However, entries in this index, and other terms, may be easily located by using the search feature of your e-book reader.

 

(JG indicates John Githongo)

 

a'Nzeki, Archbishop Ndingi Mwana 221

Achebe, Chinua 42, 132

Africa Commission 206, 212

Akunga, Conrad Marc 153, 154, 155, 158, 334

Al Qaeda 78, 258–9, 277

Ali, Major General Hussein 256

Anderson, David 107, 232, 308

Anglo Leasing and Finance Company Ltd 129, 162, 206; British investigation into 328; contracts with Kenyan government 85, 164, 165, 166, 169, 173, 180; cost of Kenyan government contracts with 165–6, 169, 174, 210, 216; elections, money from deals used to fund NARC campaigns (‘resource mobilisation') 215–16, 219–20, 243; foreign donors' reaction to scandal 260–4, 266, 267; forensic laboratory contract 164, 173; ‘ghost firms' sue Kenyan government for breach of contract 328; JG investigates 79, 80–97, 135, 163–6, 233–45, 248–54, 268–9; JG releases details of investigation into 248–54; KANU and 77–9; Kibaki and 219, 220, 222, 234, 235–6, 238, 244–5, 251, 265–6, 268, 273; Maore reveals scandal 77–9, 85, 86; media coverage of scandal 240, 245, 248–54, 255–6, 269–70; ministers involved with 84–97, 118, 165, 166, 171–2, 173, 177, 179, 215–16, 217–20, 222, 223, 245, 250–1, 268; Moi and 165, 171–2; NARC and 79, 84–97, 118, 165, 166, 171–2, 173, 177, 179, 215–16, 217–20, 222, 233–6, 241, 242–3, 245, 250–4, 261, 268, 269–74; navy frigate contract 165, 180; passport printing and lamination contract 78–9, 84–7; payments to 164–5, 170–1, 173, 219, 268, 328; police Mahindra jeep contract 78, 84; classic procurement scam 168–72; ‘Project Nexus' 165; shadowy nature of 171–2

Annan, Kofi 314, 315

Anti-Corruption and Economic Crimes Act 66, 285

Artur brothers 256–60

Asians, Kenyan 139, 146, 168, 172, 173, 270, 281, 303, 316

Awori, Moody 84, 85, 87, 213, 245, 250, 251, 268, 301

 

BAE Systems 276–7, 334

Bellamy, William 193–4, 222–3, 224, 250, 259

Benn, Hilary 267, 276

Biwott, Nicholas 301

Blair, Tony 54, 194, 200, 206, 212, 276

Bland, Simon 267

Blixen, Karen 8–9, 121

Blundell, Michael 50, 112

Bomas of Kenya 73, 74, 241

Bono 205, 266

Bosire Commission 65, 268, 321

British High Commission, Nairobi 194, 195, 198, 202–3, 253, 268, 296

Brown, Stephen 188

Bruce, Colin 260, 263, 275, 278, 333

Bush, George W. 262, 263, 275, 277

Buwembo, Joachim 306

 

Cameron, James 109

Castle, Barbara 109

Central Bank, Kenya 62, 78, 93, 164–5, 259, 318, 319, 320, 322

Central Province, Kenya 52, 73, 99, 102, 108, 113, 114, 117, 127, 147–8, 243, 280, 282, 297, 298, 301, 304

Charterhouse Bank Ltd 259–60

China 209, 240

Christian Aid 160, 205

Churchill, Winston 105

CIA 82–3

Clay, Sir Edward 71, 171, 183, 194–204, 210–15, 224, 225, 254, 259, 267, 277, 333–4

Collier, Professor Paul 31, 51, 185–6, 232, 326

Collier, Val 326

Cornwell, David (John le Carré) 23

 

Daily Nation
63, 68, 91, 119, 131, 202, 222, 247–51, 253, 282–3, 291, 298, 319

De La Rue 78

Delamere family 8, 105

Democratic Party 69, 118, 135, 175–6, 242

Democratic Republic of Congo 15, 83, 115, 124, 196, 325

Department for International

Development, UK (DfID) 194, 204, 205–12, 225, 261–2, 267, 275, 276, 337

Diop, Makhtar 190–2, 199, 223–4, 260

Dorobo tribe 103, 105

 

EastAfrican
12, 141

East African Community 140, 307

East African Standard
41, 56–60, 248, 255–7, 259

Easterly, William 207

Eigen, Peter 141, 142

Eldoret 112, 114, 290, 307

Electoral Commission of Kenya (ECK) 298, 301, 306, 307, 315n

Eliot, Sir Charles 46

Embu 43, 72, 108, 216, 291, 307, 313

End of Poverty, The
(Sachs) 192

Escrivá, Josemaría 33, 134

Ethiopia 9, 50, 115, 192, 277

European Union: Common Agricultural Policy 207; elections 2007, observers in Kenya for 298, 307; gives greater say to Kenyan Treasury on how aid is spent 286; JG's resignation, reaction to 223

Executive
magazine 65, 138, 139, 141

 

Face Technologies 78

Facing Mount Kenya
(Kenyatta) 103–4, 107

FBI 228, 326

Financial Times
11, 12, 23, 187, 189–90, 333

Fish, Dave 267

Ford Foundation 264

Foreign and Commonwealth Office, UK (FCO) 194, 196, 201, 203, 206, 225, 259, 334

 

G8 meeting, Gleneagles (2005) 206, 212, 262

Gado 63, 202

Geldof, Bob 205, 266

Gellhorn, Martha 8

General Service Unit (GSU) 3, 13, 34, 79, 187, 311, 337

Gethi, John 129

Getonga, Alfred 72, 85, 87, 91, 129, 177, 179, 215, 251

Gikonyo, Dr Dan 70–1, 175, 242

Gikuyu language 26, 74, 136, 222

Gikuyu, Embu, Meru Association (GEMA) 113, 126, 144, 176, 243, 337

Githongo, Ciru (JG's sister) 39, 125, 133

Githongo, Gitau (JG's brother) 125, 131, 132, 138, 239–40

Githongo, Joe (JG's father): accountant 126–7; attempts to influence JG through 94–5, 118–19; Catholic faith 123, 142, 143; home 123; JG and 15–16, 94–5, 119, 130–1, 133, 137, 175, 238–9, 250, 265; Kenyatta regime, role in 118,
160; London, life in 125; loner 135–6; marriage 123; Mau Mau and 123–4, 125; Moi regime and 118, 160; railways, work on 126; social standing 135–6; Transparency International, role in birth of 14, 141; tribalism, loathing of 126–7, 142–3; UN, work for 124–5

Githongo, John (JG): African roots, disconnection from 143–4, 145, 229, 266–7, 286–7; Anglo Leasing, compiles dossier on 233–5, 240–1, 242, 243, 244–5, 248–54; Anglo Leasing, investigation into government contracts with 78–9, 80–97, 163–6, 233–5, 240–1, 242, 243, 244–5, 248–54; Anglo Leasing, releases details of investigation to media 248–54; author, relationship with 12–13, 14, 19, 20, 23–31, 74; author, stays with 19, 20, 23–31; birth 125, 160, 229; Britain, connection with 125, 160, 229, 266–7, 286–7; Catholic faith 27–8, 133–5, 142, 143, 159, 174, 175, 176, 237, 248; character 12, 13, 19, 27, 35–6, 37–40, 81, 132–3, 135, 161, 175–7, 216–17, 233, 235, 236, 264–5, 318, 323, 329–31; Chief of the Burning Spear 31–2, 218; childhood 127, 130–1; diaries 32, 135, 216, 234; elections 2002, role in 14; exile 227–60, 263–7, 271–8, 329; family home 121–3; family, effect of actions upon 175–6, 216, 238–40, 250, 265; father, relationship with 15–16, 17, 118–19, 130–1, 137, 145, 175, 238–9; foreign donors and 15, 38–9, 194, 222–3, 235, 236, 261–2, 263–4, 266, 267; girlfriend 28, 91, 216–17, 221, 250, 264–5, 335; high treason charge, possibility of 237, 251; informers 81–4, 86, 172, 180, 232, 244–5; journalist 12, 14, 138–41, 143; KACC, testifies before 254, 256, 268, 271, 272; Kibaki, relationship with 14, 15, 17–18, 34–5, 37, 66–8, 71, 86, 87, 90–1, 172–5, 179–82, 217, 219, 220, 222, 235–6, 238, 244–5, 265–6, 311–12; Kikuyu ethnicity 13, 97, 115, 117–19, 130, 142–4, 145, 159–62, 163–4, 243, 253, 287–8, 289; legacy of revelations 322–4, 327, 328; media, relationship with 14, 22, 92, 240, 245, 248–50, 251, 252, 253–4; Michael Holman, stays with 39, 31; Ministry of Justice, role in setting up of 66; Moi, investigates corruption under 14, 86; mother, relationship with 133–4, 175, 238–9; NARC and 14, 66–8, 79–87, 164–6, 171–82, 215–25, 229, 233–6, 241, 242–3, 244–5, 250–4, 268–74; Oxford University, stays at 31, 32, 228–33, 235, 242, 243, 264, 285, 290, 322, 329; PAC, testifies before 95, 237–8, 254, 257, 268; Permanent Secretary in Charge of Governance and Ethics, appointment as 12, 15–18, 17, 36–7, 118–19, 145; Permanent Secretary in Charge of Governance and Ethics, abortive attempt to demote from post as 18, 177–82, 215; Permanent Secretary in Charge of Governance and Ethics, office 34–6; Permanent Secretary in Charge of Governance and Ethics, resigns as 20, 21–3, 220–5; physique 12–13, 132; police, joins 137–8; public view of 165–6, 252–4, 286–90, 322; return to Kenya 329–30; revolt, reasons for ability to 158–62, 175–6; school 127–9, 133, 135, 136, 175; smear campaign against 91–2, 231, 254, 264; State House office 34–5, 164; studies in England 12; taping of ministers' conversations 21, 32, 88–90, 233–5, 251, 252, 253–4, 273–4, 289, 321–2; threats to 18, 26, 37, 87–8, 90–7, 176, 218–19, 222, 227–8, 229, 230–2, 250, 257–8, 274, 329–30; Transparency International and 14, 15, 141–2; travel within Africa 12; university in Wales 136, 143; World Bank Volcker panel, recruited by 263, 278

Githongo, Mary (JG's mother) 123–4, 125, 133–4, 238–9

Githongo, Mugo (JG's brother) 39, 126, 136, 138, 158, 178, 221, 239, 240, 274–5

Githongo & Company 126–7

Goldenberg scandal 62–3, 65, 86, 89, 139, 165–6, 168, 211, 216, 221, 228, 251, 268, 269, 284, 311, 319, 320, 321, 322, 324

Goldsmith, Lord 276

Grand Regency hotel 63, 322

 

Hall, Francis 104

Hannan, Lucy 312

Hemingway, Ernest 8

Hileman, Milena 162

HIV/AIDS 166, 171, 208, 302, 325

Holman, Michael 30, 31

Home Guard 108, 110, 123, 142, 288

Howells, Kim 259

Human Rights Watch 35

 

Infotalent Ltd 173

International Monetary Fund (IMF) 60–1, 170, 184, 186, 261

Iraq 262, 275

Islamic extremism 78, 188

 

Kaggia, Bildad 50

Kaiser, Father 26

Kamani, Deepak 84, 173, 327, 329

Kamani, Rashmi 327

Kamba people 43, 48, 58–9, 102, 116, 129, 157, 163, 313

Kantai, Parselelo 324

KANU party 77, 86, 262, 337; Anglo Leasing and 78, 171–2; elections 1997 188; elections 2002 2; elections 2007 215; independence and 109; Kikuyu and 113, 114; long grip on power 2
see also
Moi, Daniel arap

Karanja, Lisa 35–6, 38, 92, 95–6, 178, 217, 289, 324

Karen, Nairobi 121–2, 134, 135, 175, 242, 330

Kariuki, J.M. 26, 279

Karua, Martha 271, 311, 334

Karume, Njenga 175

Kaufmann, Daniel 207–8, 263, 327

Keane, Fergal 251

Kalenjin people 42; Asian Kenyans, relationship with 172; character of 43, 44; elections 2007 and 290, 297, 308, 312, 316; ethnic violence in the early 1990s, role in 114, 140, 141; history of 49, 112, 113, 114, 140, 141; invention of 49; Kenyatta and 112, 113; Moi and 51, 52, 56, 57, 142, 284, 300

KENYA

AID AND DONORS, FOREIGN: Anglo Leasing, reaction to scandal of 192, 260–4, 266, 267; anti-corruption drive 262–4, 266–7, 275–8; Cold War 183, 185; Consultative Group meeting (April 2005) 223; corruption, general approach to 8, 9–10, 14, 38–9, 51, 53–5, 60–4, 184–225, 260–4, 266–7, 275–8, 324–5, 327–8; DfID
see
Department for International Development, UK; Gleneagles (2008) 206, 212, 262; High Commissioner Clay raises corruption as an issue 193–204; history of aid to Kenya 183–204, 205–22; intimacy of relationship between donors and government ministers 190–3, 224; IMF
see
IMF; JG, relationship with 15, 38–9, 194, 197, 198, 222–3, 235, 236, 261–2, 263–4, 266, 267; JG, reaction to resignation of 220–5; KACA and 186; under Kenyatta 184; under Kibaki 11, 38–9, 197–204; legislation passed to appease 185–6; under Moi 8, 9–10, 14, 170, 184, 185–7; multi-party politics, enforces 51, 62; NARC regime and 170, 183, 210–11; as percentage of government spending 184; structural adjustment funding 160, 184; UK aid 187, 193–204, 205–12, 225, 261–2, 267, 275, 276–7, 337; vastly boosted aid, recent culture of 205–13, 262; War on Terror and 275–6, 277; World Bank
see
World Bank

COLONIAL RULE: Asian Kenyans under 172; clichés of 8–9; corruption under 60; economy under 11; education under 134; ethnic self-awareness, role in 45–50, 52; foreign aid and history of 184, 194, 202, 203; Karen under 122; Kikuyu under 104–10, 115; living
standards under 11; modern Kenyan attitudes towards 286–8; pre-eminent role of Kenya in Africa as a result of 8–9

CORRUPTION: Anglo Leasing and
see
Anglo Leasing and Finance Company Ltd; anti-corruption legislation 65–6, 283–4, 285–6, 327; banks and 61, 259–60, 270; bribes 11, 55, 337; challenges to pan-African 326–7; donor communities' approach towards 8, 9–10, 14, 38–9, 51, 53–5, 60–4, 184–225, 260–4, 266–7, 275–8, 324–5, 327–8; economy and 11, 60–1, 160–1; effect upon stability of country 258–9; elections 2002, NARC campaign on 2; history of 41–2, 50–3, 56–9, 60–3; Islamic terrorism and 258–9; JG fights
see
Githongo, John; judiciary 65, 268–9; Kenyan ambivalence towards 55–6, 166–8, 169, 287–8; Kibaki and
see
Kibaki, Mwai;
kitu kidogo
(‘petty' corruption) 55, 337; land grabbing 61–2, 65; layers of Kenyan 41–2; legal system used to fight action against 268–9; Moi and
see
Moi, Daniel arap; NARC and
see
National Rainbow Coalition; NSIS investigations into 80–1; ‘Our Turn to Eat' culture (patronage) and 8, 11, 35, 42, 44, 5–3, 56–60, 72–4, 112–14, 116–19, 143, 144, 145, 157–62, 272, 282, 290–2, 297–300, 325–6; ‘pending bills' 61, 65; Permanent Secretary in Charge of Governance and Ethics, post created 11–12; public procurement and 65, 77, 78–97, 168–72, 200
see also
Anglo Leasing and Finance Company Ltd; state loans and 61; ‘straddling' 60; UN Convention Against Corruption, ratifies 65; Transparency International
see
Transparency International