Authors: Robert C. Knapp
family: as cause for worries,
23
–4
women’s role in,
55
,
91
tensions,
75
and mutual aid,
106
–7
slave,
159
–64
and service as soldier,
216
–20;
see also
marriage
Fate,
112
–13
festivals: religious,
42
slaves and,
166
and prostitutes,
241
;
see also
Floralia
Festus,
287
fidelity: in marriage,
25
–6
finance: and concern for success,
20
–2
Firmicius,
68
Flamma (gladiator),
277
Floralia (festival),
253
food shortages: and riots,
41
fortune
see
good fortuene
fortune-telling: by women,
87
Frank, Tenney,
172
freedmen: status,
7
membership of associations,
146
attainment,
166
–7,
169
,
175
–7,
184
,
187
hostility to,
170
–2
situation and status,
170
–4,
194
–5
imperial,
171
defined and identified,
173
,
180
–3
in business,
176
–7
within household,
177
–80
rights and obligations,
178
–9,
183
–4
numbers,
182
marriage and family,
183
,
187
–91
attitude to patrons,
184
–5
relations with other freedmen,
186
–7
occupations,
190
–2
religious activities,
192
–4
recruited as soldiers,
197
;
see also
slaves
friendship,
12
G
gladiators: celebrity,
265
,
272
,
276
criminals as,
266
recruitment,
266
–7
slaves as,
266
–70,
282
female,
267
–9
management,
268
–70
training,
268
–9,
282
,
284
as career,
270
,
277
–8
qualities and lifestyle,
270
–4,
278
–9,
289
memorabilia,
273
,
276
and crowds,
274
and sexual favors,
275
mortality rates,
276
–8
number of fights,
277
–8
stigma
(infamia),
279
–82
banned from serving as soldiers,
281
associated with household
(familia),
282
,
284
–5
tiros (novices),
282
–3
living conditions and diet,
283
–4
burial epitaphs,
285
–6
keep dogs,
285
beast fighters,
286
–7
marriage and families,
286
social contacts,
286
–7
blood and organs valued,
287
–9
religious outlook,
287
gonorrhea,
263
good fortune,
20
Gospels (Biblical): on slaves,
128
on criminals,
292
as source,
320
see also
Matthew, St. New Testament
gossip,
12
graffiti,
32
,
51
,
63
,
86
,
250
,
261
,
266
,
275
,
322
H
Heliodorus:
An Ethiopian Story,
94
,
298
,
306
–10,
313
Heracleo (pirate),
304
Hierocles,
80
Hippocrates,
67
Hippothous (outlaw),
306
Hobsbawm, Eric,
295
homosexuality: attitudes to,
11
,
30
–2
practices,
27
–9
among soldiers,
223
–4;
see also
lesbianism
honestiores,
6
honesty: as moral value,
11
Hopkins, Keith,
318
Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus),
52
,
101
,
182
–3,
317
Satires,
201
,
256
households,
75
see also familia
Housesteads fort, Britain,
206
humiliores,
6
humility,
12
I
incantations
see
spells
inscriptions: as source,
321
Isauricus, Publius Servilius,
304
Isola Sacra, near Ostia,
101
–2,
194
J
James, Epistle of (New Testament),
8
,
34
Jesus Christ: and magic,
15
on mother Mary,
54
on law and the poor,
121
Jezebel (prophetess),
88
John the Baptizer,
213
,
216
,
240
,
294
John Chrysostom,
53
Joshel, Sandra,
140
journeys: as cause of concern,
32
women and,
74
Jupiter Dolichenus (deity),
226
Jupiter Optimus Maximus (deity),
224
justice,
120
–2;
see also
law
K
Kampen, Natalie,
83
–4
L
labourers,
99
–100
Lactantius:
Divine Institutes,
254
Lanuvium,
146
Largus, Scribonius,
289
Lattimore, Richmond,
55
law: disputes,
20
centrality to Roman culture,
33
–6
separation from justice,
121
–2
Leo, Manius Megonius,
6
lesbianism,
26
,
69
;
see also
homosexuality
Lex Cornelia,
131
Liberalis, M. Sempronius,
300
Life of Aesop,
127
,
134
–5,
143
–4,
151
,
154
,
157
,
166
see also
Aesop love: and magical incantations,
14
–15,
92
–3
success in,
24
romantic,
63
Dialogues of the Courtesans,
238
,
245
,
262
The Runaways,
127
Saturnalia,
114
The Ship,
309
Toxaris,
271
,
292
Lucretius,
68
lynching,
38
M
Macedo, Larcius,
146
Maecenas,
182
magic,
13
–18,
60
,
88
,
91
,
158
–9,
166
magistrates: election,
50
–1
Maktar (Tunisia),
22
manumission,
167
–8,
173
see also
freedmen
slaves
Maratocupreni of Syria,
290
Marcellinus, Ammianus,
2
,
251
,
301
Marcian,
209
Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor,
46
marriage: attitudes to,
11
–12
anxieties over,
24
–7
sex in,
26
–7,
66
–7
and children,
27
,
59
–60,
70
women and,
58
–66,
90
–1
legality,
61
–2
and wife abuse,
76
–9
among slaves,
159
–64
of freedmen,
183
soldiers banned from,
216
–21
soldiers engage in,
221
–2
Mary, Virgin,
54
Matthew, St.: Gospel of,
92
,
145
,
294
Maximianus, Marcus Valerius,
300
Maximinus, Roman Emperor,
303
Menander, Arrius,
234
merchants (traders): status,
9
–11
women as,
86
–7
midwifery: as women’s occupation,
87
Millar, Fergus: ‘The World of
The Golden Ass’,
318
Mithra: cult of,
226
Mithres, Lucius Nerusius,
9
Mithridates VI, King,
295
mobs,
40
–1
Monica (St Augustine’s mother),
76
–8
moral values: attitudes to,
11
–13
in proverbs and fables,
101
–4,
106
–10
and the poor,
105
–7
Moretum
(literary composition),
98
Morgan, Teresa:
Popular Morality in the Early Roman Empire,
102
,
105
murder: view of,
12
Musonius Rufus,
137
N
Nero, Roman Emperor,
238
–9
New Testament: on slaves,
128
,
136
–7,
152
on freedmen,
180
on outlaws,
305
as source,
320
–1
see also
Gospels
Paul, St.
Nuceria: rivalry with Pompeii,
41
,
274
O
Oracles of Astrampsychus,
147
ordines
(social orders),
3
Ostia,
146
outdoor and street life,
48
–50
outlaws: defined,
290
–3
sources on,
293
relations with lawful society,
296
–7
recruitment to,
297
–9
measures and actions against,
300
–4
punishment,
304
–5
social organization,
305
–12
lifestyle,
313
–14
rituals,
313
see also
bandits; pirates
Ovid,
27
P
Palaemon, Q. Remmius,
127
Papinian (praetorian prefect),
293
papyri: magical,
19
–20,
24
,
28
,
41
,
166
on slaves,
128
papyrology: as source,
321
–2
Patricius (Monica’s husband),
76
Paul, St.: on slavery,
8
on businessmen,
10
performs cures and miracles,
15
–16
accused of blaspheming against Artemis,
18