Authors: Laura Eldridge
44.
Bakry et al., “Depot-Medroxyprogesterone Acetate,” 3.
45.
Berenson and Rahman, “Changes in Weight,” 329.e1–329.e8.
46.
Laura L. Moore et al., “A Comparative Study of One-Year Weight Gain among Users of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, Levonorgestrel Implants, and Oral Contraceptives,”
Contraception
52, no. 4 (October 1995): 215–19.
47.
Berenson and Rahman, “Changes in Weight,” 329.e1–329.e8.
48.
Bakry et al., “Depot-Medroxyprogesterone Acetate,” 4.
49.
Dickey,
Managing Contraceptive Pill Patients
, 74.
50.
Depo-Provera, patient package insert, 2002.
51.
Maria F. Gallo et al., “Combination Injectable Contraceptives for Contraception,”
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
, no. 4 (2008), DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004568.pub3.
52.
The fifth day of the four-week cycle that patients measure on the calendar, not the fifth day of the menstrual period.
53.
George W. Creasy, Larry S. Abrams, and Alan C. Fisher, “Transdermal Contraception,”
Seminars in Reproductive Medicine
19, no. 4, (2001): 374.
54.
Dickey, Managing
Contraceptive Pill Patients
, 86.
55.
Creasy, Abrams, and Fisher, “Transdermal Contraception,” 373–80.
56.
Laureen M. Lopez et al., “Skin Patch and Vaginal Ring Versus Combined Oral Contraceptives for Contraception,”
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
, no. 3 (2008), DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003552.pub2.
57.
Ronald T. Burkman, “Transdermal Hormonal Contraception: Benefits and Risks,”
American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
197, no. 2 (August 2007): 134.e1–134.e6.
58.
Wolfgang Urdl et al., “Contraceptive Efficacy, Compliance and Beyond: Factors Related to Satisfaction with Once-Weekly Transdermal Compared with Oral Contraception,”
European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
121, no. 2 (August 2005): 202–10.
59.
Marie-Claude Audet et al., “Evaluation of Contraceptive Efficacy and Cycle Control of a Transdermal Contraceptive Patch vs. an Oral Contraceptive: A Randomized Controlled Trial,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
285, no. 18 (May 9, 2001): 2347–54.
60.
Miriam Zieman et al., “Contraceptive Efficacy and Cycle Control with the Ortho Evra/Evra Transdermal System: The Analysis of Pooled Data,”
Fertility and Sterility
77, suppl. 2 (February 2002): 13–18.
61.
Lopez, “Skin Patch and Vaginal Ring.”
62.
Urdl et al., “Contraceptive Efficacy,” 202–10.
63.
US Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Ortho Evra (norelgestromin/ethinyl estradiol) information,
www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2005/ucm108517/htm
.
64.
Susan S. Jick et al., “Risk of Nonfatal Venous Thromboembolism in Women Using a Contraceptive Transdermal Patch and Oral Contraceptives Containing Norgestimate and 35 µg of Ethinyl Estradiol,”
Contraception
73, no. 3 (March 2006): 223–28.
65.
Tricia C. Elliott and Cathy C. Montoya, “How Does VTE Risk for the Patch and Vaginal Ring Compare with Oral Contraceptives?”
Journal of Family Practice
57, no. 10 (October 2008): 680–85.
66.
US Food and Drug Administration, “FDA Approves Update to Label on Birth Control Patch,” news release, January 18, 2008,
www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2008/ucm116842.htm
.
67.
Stephanie Mencimer, “Is NuvaRing Dangerous?”
Mother Jones
, May/June 2009.
68.
Associated Press, “Group Asks U.S. to Pull Birth-control Patch from Market,”
USA Today
, May 8, 2008,
http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2008-05-08-birth-control_N.htm
.
69.
See
www.orthoevra.com/isi.html
(accessed October 5, 2009).
70.
Dickey,
Managing Contraceptive Pill Patients
, 82.
71.
A. Novák et al., “The Combined Contraceptive Vaginal Ring, NuvaRing: An International Study of User Acceptability,”
Contraception 67
, no. 3 (March 2003): 187–94.
72.
Jeffery T. Jensen et al., “Effects of Switching from Oral to Transdermal or Transvaginal Contraception on Markers of Thrombosis,”
Contraception
78, no. 6 (December 2008): 451–58.
73.
Mencimer, “Is NuvaRing Dangerous?”
74.
Ibid.
75.
Ibid.
76.
Mousumi Bhaduri et al., “The Vaginal Ring: Expelled or Misplaced?”
Journal of Ultra-sound in Medicine
28 (2009): 259–61.
77.
Email to the author, June 2008.
78.
Bhaduri et al., “The Vaginal Ring,” 259–61.
79.
Novák, “Combined Contraceptive Vaginal Ring,” 187–94.
80.
Ragnheidur I. Bjarnadóttir, Marjo Tuppurainen, and Stephen R. Killick, “Comparison of Cycle Control with a Combined Contraceptive Vaginal Ring and Oral Levonorgesterl/Ethinyl Estradiol,”
American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
186, no. 3 (March 2002): 389–95.
81.
Email to the author, August 2008.
82.
Frans J. M. E. Roumen, “The Contraceptive Vaginal Ring Compared with the Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill: A Comprehensive Review of Randomized Controlled Rrials,”
Contraception
75, no. 6 (June 2007): 420–29.
83.
Novák, “Combined Contraceptive Vaginal Ring,” 187–94.
Chapter Five: Of Tides and Phases
1.
Thomas Buckley and Alma Gottlieb, “A Critical Appraisal of Theories of Menstrual Symbolism,” in
Blood Magic: The Anthropology of Menstruation
, ed. Thomas Buckley and Alma Gottlieb (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988).
2.
Elismar M. Coutinho with Sheldon J. Segal,
Is Menstruation Obsolete?
(Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 17.
3.
Gabrielle Hiltmann, “Menstruation in Aristotle’s Concept of the Person,” in
Menstruation: A Cultural History
, ed. Andrew Shail and Gillian Howie (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 27.
4.
Quoted in Coutinho with Segal,
Is Menstruation Obsolete?
18.
5.
Secreta Mulierum
, quoted in Bettina Bildhauer, “The
Secrets of Women
(c. 1300): A Medieval Perspective on Menstruation” in
Menstruation: A Cultural History
, ed. Andrew Shail and Gillian Howie (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 66.
6.
Ibid.
7.
Michael Stolberg, “Menstruation and Sexual Difference in Early Modern Medicine,” in
Menstruation: A Cultural History
, ed. Andrew Shail and Gillian Howie (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 92.
8.
Ibid., 94.
9.
Julie-Marie Strange, “ ‘I Believe It to Be a Case Depending on Menstruation’: Madness and Menstrual Taboo in British Medical Practice, c. 1840–1930,” in
Menstruation: A Cultural History
, ed. Andrew Shail and Gillian Howie (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 102.
10.
Ibid., 106.
11.
Ibid., 103.
12.
Anne E. Walker,
The Menstrual Cycle
(London: Routledge, 1997), 30.
13.
Ibid., 33.
14.
Hubbard, quoted in Walker,
Menstrual Cycle
, 33.
15.
James Totherick, quoted in Strange, “ ‘I Believe It to Be a Case Depending on Menstruation,’ ” 111.
16.
Erica Kinentz, “Is Hysteria Real? Brain Imaging Says Yes,”
New York Times
, September 26, 2006.
www.nytimes.com/2006/09/26/science/26Hysteria.html
.
17.
Strange, “ ‘I Believe It to Be a Case Depending on Menstruation,’ ” 113.
18.
Sharra L. Vostral, “Masking Menstruation: The Emergence of Menstrual Hygiene Products in the United States,” in
Menstruation: A Cultural History
, ed. Andrew Shail and Gillian Howie (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 244.
19.
Karen Houppert,
The Curse: Confronting the Last Unmentionable Taboo, Menstruation
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999), 62.
20.
Mary Wood-Allen,
Almost a Woman
(Cooperstown, NY: Arthur H. Crist Co., 1915), 5–8.
21.
Houppert,
The Curse
, 64.
22.
Ibid., 116.
23.
Ibid., 95.
24.
Buckley and Gottlieb, “A Critical Appraisal,” 20.
25.
Nelson Soucasaux, “Menstrual Toxin: An Old Name for a Real Thing?” The Museum of Menstruation and Women’s Health, 2001,
http://www.mum.org/menotox2.htm
.
26.
Sophie Laws,
Issues of Blood: The Politics of Menstruation
(London: Macmillan Press, Ltd, 1990), 36.