4. CRS, Pollen and MacMahon, p. 2.
5. Norfolk, p. 11.
6. Norfolk Record Office MS, 21509/4 and 5. The payments also included sums paid to the Tudor bureaucracy of criminal justice: 5s for ‘engrossing of his pardon for the privy signet’; 25s to ‘Mr Dister and his clerks for drawing [writing] the pardon and for the charges of the passing of the Great Seal, £8 13s 7d’. Bannister’s wife and two servants were paid £9 19s 10d for ‘riding about the same at [the court] at Richmond’.
7. Norfolk Record Office MS 21509/368. Dix’s accounts of money owed to him for the period Michaelmas 1571 to Michaelmas 1578 are in the same file.
8. Robinson, p. 70.
9. Holinshed,
Chronicles
, vol. 4, p. 376.
10. CRS, Pollen and MacMahon, p. 22.
11. 23 Elizabeth I,
cap
. 6. The Act says ‘that your said subject and his heirs be and shall be from henceforth, by the authority of this present Act, restored and enabled only in blood, as son and heir of the said Thomas, late Duke of Norfolk ... and that your said subject and his heirs may ... hold and enjoy all and every such honours, castles, manors, lordships, lands, tenements, rents etc.’
12. Nichols,
Progresses
, vol. 2, p. 312. Another description is provided by Holinshed,
Chronicles
, vol. 4, pp. 435ff.
13. Going home to Arundel House from St Paul’s Cathedral one day, he ‘observed all the signs of all the houses’ on the left side of Fleet Street ‘which are some hundreds ... and coming into his house, he caused one of his servants to write them down on a paper as he named them’. Another was sent with the list and found it to be an accurate record. See Norfolk, pp. 127-8.
14. The earl also spent much time administering his estates. On 28 July 1584, he appointed Luke Baitman as his new tennis court keeper at Howard House, in succession to Anthony Norton, ‘servant to me’, who had held the post since the days of the fourth duke. See Arundel Castle Archives G1/9.
15. CRS, Pollen and MacMahon, pp. 31-2.
16. Williams,
Tudor Tragedy
, pp. 84-5.
17. The fourth duke, in his advice to his children on suitable members of the English aristocracy to befriend them after his execution, identified Edward de Vere, seventeenth Earl of Oxford, as one ‘who might do you more good than any kinsman you have’. There were rumours that Oxford blamed Burghley for not stopping Norfolk’s execution and had even planned to rescue the duke from the Tower. But Oxford was a fickle friend. In 1580-81 he accused Henry Howard, with others, of supporting Mary Queen of Scots and being covert Catholics. In turn, they asserted he was a drunkard, an atheist and a potential murderer.
In 1582, Sir Roger Townsend, one of the Howards’ retainers, heard talk that thugs employed by Oxford were planning to attack Thomas Knyvett, a gentleman of Elizabeth’s Privy Chamber, and a kinsman of the family, in revenge for a duel he fought with Oxford in which the earl was ‘dangerously’ wounded. Knyvett was duly assaulted at Blackfriars, but Townsend could not name the assailants ‘for I was so far behind, as I could not discern [who] they were’. See CRS, Pollen and MacMahon, pp. 35-6.
18. The room survives and serves as the library.
19. Norfolk, p. 20.
20. Allen (1532-94) was the leader of the exiled English Catholics in Europe during Elizabeth’s reign and in 1568 founded a college at Douai to instruct English students in the Catholic religion. The college was expelled in 1578 but reestablished at Reims. Allen supported plans to enthrone Philip II of Spain in England. He is buried in the church of the Holy Trinity, attached to the Venerable English College in Rome, where a memorial to him remains on the north wall.
21. See Hutchinson,
Elizabeth’s Spy Master
, pp. 101-7.
22. Tierney,
Arundel
, p. 376.
23. Heywood, or Haywood, was arrested at sea by Walsingham’s men and banished in early February 1584. He died in Naples in 1595. Arundel’s interrogation is detailed in Pollen and MacMahon, pp. 46-8. One of Arundel’s inquisitors was Lord Hunsdon, Chamberlain to the queen, who had been his father’s page.
24. BL Add. MS 15,891, fol. 126.
25. Norfolk, pp. 52-6. Kellway applied for a warrant from Burghley in August 1587, empowering him to arrest papists fleeing England for France whom he ‘might take in passing’. He was appointed sheriff of Hampshire in 1586-7.
26. 27 Elizabeth 1,
cap
. 2 made it high treason to shelter a Catholic priest.
27. BL Cotton MS Titus B, ii, 201ff. Other copies are in Harleian MS 787, fols 46-9, and Sloane MS 2,172, fols 41-3, and Add. MS 33,594, fol. 216.
28. CRS, Pollen and MacMahon, pp. 114-15. Almost certainly the forgery was the work of Walsingham’s master forger and decipherer, Thomas Phelippes. It was claimed to have been forged ‘by some who had notice beforehand of his going, as the Secretary and some of his [Arundel’s] greatest enemies had ...’
29. BL Add. MS 15,891, fol. 154.
30. BL Add. MS 15,891, fol. 148.
31. BL Egerton MS 2,074, fols 13, 29, 30, 32, 39, 54.
32. BL Egerton MS 2,074, fols 23, 25, 72.
33. BL Egerton MS 2,074, fol. 46.
34. BL Add. MS 48,029, fols 111ff. CRS, Pollen and MacMahon, pp. 139-44, Norfolk, pp. 64-5.
35. Bodleian Library, Tanner MS, 78, fol. 1.
36.
Royal Commission on Historical Monuments
, ‘London East’, London, 1930, p. 84.
37. Tierney,
Arundel
, p. 385.
38. Hammond was ‘an old aged woman ... a laundress in the Tower’.
39. BL Add. MS 48,029, fol. 102.
40. CRS, Pollen and MacMahon, pp. 185-6.
41. BL Add. MS 48,029, fol. 81.
42. Hunsdon (?1524-96) was the son of Mary Boleyn and her first husband, and cousin to Elizabeth.
43. Norfolk, pp. 87-9.
44. Salmon,
State Trials
, vol.1 , p. 165.
45. BL Add. MS 48,029, fol. 107, Lansdowne MS 256, fol. 167, and Stowe MS 396, fol. 14. Another report has this version: ‘Behold here a clean hand and an honest heart!’
46. Some reports erroneously say ‘twenty-second’ - this version comes from BL Lansdowne MS 94, fol. 167, and Harleian MS 834, no. 5, fols 59-62. It refers correctly to the Act against harbouring priests, 27 Elizabeth 1,
cap
. 2.
47. Salmon,
State Trials
, vol. 1, p. 166.
48. Salmon,
State Trials
, vol. 1, p. 166. Popham’s brief for the prosecution is in BL Egerton MS 2,074, fol. 81.
49. Robinson, p. 75.
50. Salmon,
State Trials
, vol. 1, p. 168.
51. BL Add. MS 48,029, fol. 74.
52. Norfolk, p. 94.
53. BL Add. MS 48,029, p. 110.
54. Derby returned to his Lancashire home deeply troubled by the trial and his role in it. He called his servants together and told them ‘he had been more beholden to Queen Elizabeth than any of his predecessors ... but this one thing did grieve him more than all the favours that he received from her, that she had made him her High Steward to condemn the Earl of Arundel, who was condemned upon a letter, which, as he thought, was not sufficiently proved, but may well be counterfeited and “this lies heavy upon my conscience”.’ See Godfrey Goodman,
The Court of King James the First
... , two vols (London, 1839), vol. 1, pp. 141-2.
55. Norfolk, p. 96.
56. She died, unmarried, from tuberculosis in 1598.
57. Arundel Castle Archives, G1/9. Arundel’s debts at March 1585 totalled £17,977 and he was paying interest on loans of £4,666. Income from the Howard estates amounted to £4,249. See BL Lansdowne MS 45, no. 84.
58. Tierney,
Arundel
, p. 397.
59. Robinson, p. 78.
60.
DNB2
, vol. 28, p. 408.
61.
Fourth Report of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts
, pt i, p. 372 (London, 1874).
62. Arundel Castle Archives, G1/23. It is unlikely the paper ever reached Arundel, as it fell into Burghley’s hands.
63. Tierney,
Arundel
, p. 403.
64. CRS, Pollen and MacMahon, p. 332. See also Roger B. Manning, ‘The Prosecution of Sir Michael Blount, Lieutenant of the Tower of London, 1595’,
Historical Research
, vol. 57 (November 1984), p. 216.
65. Norfolk, pp. 68-71. Some believed he had some kind of foreknowledge of his hour of death. About seven or eight days before, he laid out a calendar of prayers he intended to say on each day and when it came to the Sunday, he paused, and said: ‘Hitherto and no further’.
66. BL Lansdowne MS 94, fol. 118.
67. BL Lansdowne MS 79, fol. 74.
68.
DNB2
, vol. 28, p. 408.
Chapter 11: Resurgam
1. Edward Hyde, first Earl of Clarendon,
History of the Great Rebellion
, two vols, London, 1702, vol. 1, p. 44.
2. According to the disgraced Secretary of State William Davison, he was one of those who urged Mary Queen of Scots’ execution. See BL Cotton MS Titus C, vii, fol. 48.
3. Langton, vol. 1, p. 46.
4. Langton, vol. 1, p. 107.
5. National Archives, SP 12/211/50.
6. ‘Warping’ - a laborious and repetitive method of moving sailing ships out of harbour, in the absence of wind. The anchor, attached to a cable, is rowed out ahead of the ship and dropped to the seabed. The crew them wind in the cable with a windlass and the ship is pulled in the direction of where the anchor has been dropped. The operation is repeated as necessary.
7. This type of warship was a larger version of the galley, lateen-rigged on three masts and carrying 300 slaves to man the oars. It was able to fire broadsides from guns mounted above the banks of oars. Six galleasses sailed with the Armada, but being more suited to naval operations in the calmer waters of the Mediterranean, suffered in the storms of the North Sea and English Channel.
8. SPD,
Elizabeth 1581-90
, p. 507, and Langton, vol. 1, pp. 288-9.
9. Cited by Robinson, p. 83.
10.
DNB2
, vol. 28, p. 322.
11. Robinson, p. 85.
12. G. P. V. Akrigg (ed.),
The Letters of James VI and I
(London, 1984), p. 179.
13. P. Croft, ‘Libels, Popular Literacy and Public Opinion in Early Modern England’,
Historical Research
, vol. 68 (1995), p. 278.
14. Akrigg, op. cit., pp. 257 and 250.
15. National Archives, PROB 11/123.
16. The accounts of Owen Shepherd, Receiver of Northampton’s lands for 1609, show expenditure of £451 14s 6d to Richard Hovell junior for building the almshouses at the east end of the churchyard at Castle Rising. The foundation, built around a square garden, had twelve rooms for poor women, another for their governess, and a spacious hall and kitchen. A ‘decent’ chapel projected from the east wall. The inmates qualified for admission if they had ‘led an honest life and conversation’ and in religion, were ‘grave and discreet’. They had to be unmarried and at least fifty-sixty years of age, and ‘no common beggar, harlot, scold, drunkard, haunter of taverns, inns or ale-houses’. See Blomefield, vol. 4, p. 673. They still accommodate eligible ladies today.
17. Suffolk sold Howard House, in Charterhouse Square, in 1611 to Thomas Sutton for £13,000. Sutton founded a charity there for forty male pensioners, known as Brothers.
18. Norman McClure,
Letters of John Chamberlain
, two vols (Philadelphia, 1939), vol. 2, p. 144, fn 6.
19. Arundel Castle Archives, G1/87.
Appendix 1: The Howard Homes
1. The site of the East Hall was for years called ‘the Candle yard’ because of its use in making candles for the palace.
2. Robinson, p. 37.
3. Williams,
Tudor Tragedy
, p. 44.
4. John Holland, ‘chaplain to the right high and mighty’ Thomas Howard, third duke, leased for twenty-one years the parsonage of Feltwell St Mary, Norfolk, to George Holland, gentleman in 1545. Were these relations of Bess Holland? See Norfolk Record Office, NAS 1/1/10/19.
5. National Archives, LR 2/115.
6. The seneschal was responsible for the administration of the Kenninghall estate.
7. National Archives, SP 1/245/145; Manning, ‘Kenninghall’, p. 296.
8. Howlett, ‘Household Accounts of Kenninghall’, pp. 53 and 58-9.
9. National Archives, C 54/59, and Thomas Allen,
History . . . of Lambeth
, pp. 340-41.
10.
Norfolk Archaeology
, vol. 3 (1849), p. 208. In 1849, a gravestone of fifteenth-century work, incised with angels, was found at a depth of fourteen feet (4.27 m.) below the surface on the site of the palace. On the reverse were the arms of the fourth duke. This slab probably came from St Benet’s. Ibid., p. 418. Blomefield reports that ‘in the palace yard at the entrance of a house near the river, lies a large grave stone with an abbot in his robes cut thereon’ (vol. 4, p. 268).
11. Norfolk Record Office, MC 146/24 624X5.
12. Williams,
Tudor Tragedy
, p. 69.
13. Kent, p. 81.
14. Bray,
Diaries of John Evelyn
, vol. 2, pp. 269-70. The River Wensum in this period was clogged by discharges from innumerable ‘bog-houses’. See Rawcliffe and Wilson,
Norwich since 1550
, p. 150.
15. Kent, p. 84.
16. Norfolk Record Office, MC 146/24 624X5.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PRIMARY SOURCES
Manuscripts
ARUNDEL CASTLE, WEST SUSSEX MSS OF THE DUKES OF NORFOLK
A 113 - Papers relating to the household expenses of Thomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk, and his son Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (later third Duke of Norfolk), 1523.
C212 - Copy of a letter from Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of Norfolk, to his children shortly before his execution, 1572.
G¼ - Papers relating to Thomas Howard, second Duke of Norfolk.