47. Byrne,
Lisle Letters
, vol. 1, p. 56.
48. Act of Precedence, 1539, 31 Henry VIII,
cap
. 10.
49.
LPFD
, vol. 15, p. 377, Kaulek, p. 193, and Hume, pp. 98-9. Marillac about this time suggested, rather snidely, that Southampton, had ‘long learnt to bend to all winds’. See Kaulek, p. 190.
50. Kaulek, p. 189, and
LPFD
, vol. 15, p. 363.
51.
LPFD
, vol. 15, p. 377.
52. Malversation - corrupt behaviour in an office.
53. Kaulek, p. 191.
54.
Lords Journal
, vol. 1, p. 145.
55.
Lords Journal
, vol. 1, p. 149. Act of Attainder, 32 Henry VIII,
cap
. 62. Later copies are in BL Lansdowne MS 515, fol. 44 and Cotton MS Titus B, I, fol. 503.
56. BL Add. MS 48,028, fols 160-65.
57. The original eight-page document is in Hatfield House archives, CP 1/23.
58. Hatfield House Archives, CP 1/10-11.
59. The Act dissolving the marriage is 32 Henry VIII,
cap
. 25.
60. Fox,
Acts and Monuments
, pp. 402-3.
61. Arthur Galton,
The Character and Times of Thomas Cromwell
(Birmingham, 1887), p. 156.
62. Casady, p. 80.
63. An attendant on the king’s table.
64.
LPFD
, vol. 16, p. 5.
65. Kaulek, p. 363.
66. Kaulek, p. 370, and Lacey Baldwin Smith,
Tudor Tragedy
, pp. 178ff.
67. BL Cotton MS Otho, C, x, fol. 250.
68. Kaulek, p. 352, and
LPFD
, vol. 16, p. 614.
69. Longleat House, MSS of Marquis of Bath, Portland Papers, PO/Vol.1/15.
70.
LPFD
, vol. 16, p. 662.
71.
LPFD
, vol. 16, pp. 617-18.
72.
LPFD
, vol. 16, pp. 618-19.
73.
LPFD
, vol. 16, p. 620.
74.
LPFD
, vol. 16, p. 628.
75. Kaulek, p. 370.
76.
State Papers
, vol. 1, pt ii, p. 721.
77. Head,
Ebbs and Flows
, p. 189.
78. 33 Henry VIII,
cap
. 21. The Act was approved by Letters Patent to spare Henry the pain of condemning his own queen.
79. An Act for due Process to be had in High Treasons in cases of Lunacy or Madness, 33 Henry VIII,
cap
. 20.
80. Kaulek, p. 388.
81.
LPFD
, vol. 17, p. 45.
Chapter 7: Down but not out
1.
LPFD
, vol. 21, pt i, p. 33.
2. Kaulek, pp. 420-21.
3. Kaulek, p. 416.
4. Norfolk told Sir William Fitzwilliam, Earl of Southampton, that what he feared most about the campaign was ‘the lack of drink’. See BL Add. MS 32,647, fol. 115.
5. A tun held around 216 imperial gallons, or 982 litres.
6. Foists were large casks.
7. BL Add. MS 32,647, fol. 121.
8. BL Add. MS 32,647, fol. 194.
9. BL Add. MS 32,647, fol. 193.
10. BL Add. MS 32,647, fol. 196. Gardiner had already sent 250 tons of barley and 125 tons each of wheat and rye for bread. Another 125 tons apiece of rye and wheat, and 500 tons of malt, 259 tons of peas and a similar quantity of beans were about to be despatched. He had also ordered 1,000 ‘wey’ of cheese - this measurement varied between regions; in Suffolk a wey was 265 pounds (116 kg.) and in Essex 336 pounds (152 kg.).
11. BL Add. MS 32,648, fol. 46.
12. BL Add. MS 32,648, fol. 46. Norfolk, then Earl of Surrey, was Lieutenant and Dorset was Warden of the East and Middle Marches of the border. Both appointments were dated 26 February 1523.
13. BL Add. MS 32,648, fol. 65.
14.
Chronicle of John Hardyng
, edited and published by Richard Grafton, the chronicler and printer, in January 1543. He dedicated the work to the third Duke of Norfolk. See penultimate stanza, lines 6-7. Harding (1378-1465) was an earlier English chronicler.
15. Lord William Howard was paid £24 16s 4d for his service, made up of 6s 8d per day for himself and nine servants and 8d a day ‘conduct money’ for riding the three hundred miles from London. See BL Add. MS 5,754, fol. 12.
16.
Hamilton Papers
, vol. 1, no. 218.
17. BL Add. MS 32,348, fol. 177, and
Hamilton Papers
, vol. 1, no. 218.
18.
Hamilton Papers
, vol. 1, no. 221.
19. BL Add. MS 32,468, fol. 96.
20. BL Add. MS 32,648, fol. 108.
21. A reformed Benedictine order called colloquially ‘the Grey Monks’.
22. Bath Place or Inn was located on the north side of Holborn Bars, next to Furnivals Inn, on the west side of the city. The site is now occupied by part of the Prudential offices. See
London Topographical Record
, vol. 10 (1916), pp. 133-4.
23. Exeter Place was in the Outer Temple and was occupied by the duke in 1541- 2. It was granted to Sir William Paget in 1549 and was later acquired by Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, who passed it on to his stepson, Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex. He plotted his abortive rebellion there against Elizabeth I in 1601. Most of the old house was pulled down in 1777. See
London Topographical Record
, vol. 10 (1916), pp. 117-18. Norfolk would have regarded his mansion at Lambeth as being in the suburbs of the city.
24. BL Add. MS 32,648, fol. 112.
25.
Hamilton Papers
, vol. 1, no. 226.
26. BL Add. MS 10,110, fol. 237.
27. BL Add. MS 32,648, fol. 114.
28. BL Add. MS 32,648, fol. 120.
29.
LPFD
, vol. 17, p. 585.
30.
LPFD
, vol. 17, p. 580.
31. Norfolk may have been drinking an infusion of blackberry leaves (
Rubus fructuosis
), which was a Tudor remedy for diarrhoea.
32.
LPFD
, vol. 17, p. 585.
33. BL Add. MS 32,648, fol. 156. The Scottish king James V fell ill on 7 December and was dead a week later, because of his despair at the defeat. For a modern account of the battle, see Brooks, p. 290. The landscape has changed radically due to agricultural enclosure and draining of the alluvial flood plain of the Esk.
34.
CDP Spanish
, vol. 6, pt ii, pp. 233-4.
35.
LPFD
, vol. 19, pt i, p. 157. Their contribution was surpassed only by Lord Ferrers’s 1,000 infantry and 100 cavalry. The other formations in the army were the ‘Battle’ - 3,159 cavalry and 9,688 infantry and the ‘Rearguard’ numbering 9,017 infantry and 547 horsemen. Ibid., p. 163.
36.
LPFD
, vol. 19, pt i, pp. 410-11.
37.
LPFD
, vol. 19, pt i, p. 433. His claims were later acidly rebutted by the Privy Council. ‘The king has received your letter ... [claiming] that we have not answered your concerns, [over] the price of victuals and insufficiency of the Flemish wagons ... and noted negligence in us, albeit we are faultless. As to the wagons, we wrote more than five days ago enlarging the number and as for the prices ... the rating is thought convenient by you and others.’ BL Harleian MS 6,989, fol. 191.
38.
LPFD
, vol. 19, pt i, p. 435.
39. Suffolk told Norfolk on 8 July, ‘You seem to think it strange that we, knowing the way to be taken by the king, keep it secret from you. But we are as ignorant as you. As soon as we have any inkling of his majesty’s determination, we will advertise [tell] you.’ See BL Harleian MS 6,989, fol. 129. Suffolk also sent the duke wine from the king’s provisions, possibly as a gesture of goodwill.
40. National Archives, SP 1/189/207, and BL Harleian MS 6,989, fol. 127.
41. Montreuil, in the Pas de Calais
département
, was one of the most prosperous ports in northern Europe in the thirteenth century, until the river became silted up over the next three hundred years. It later featured in Victor Hugo’s novel
Les Misérables
, published in 1861, and became the site of the headquarters of the British army in France during the First World War.
42.
State Papers
, vol. 9, pp. 727-8.
43.
LPFD
, vol. 19, pt i, p. 543.
44. National Archives, SP 1/190/24.
45. Charles V had advanced to within fifty miles (84.7 km.) of Paris before a supply shortage forced a retreat. After secret negotiations with the French, the separate peace treaty was concluded at Crépy and announced on 18 September. Savoy and Milan were surrendered to the Spanish, who, in turn, dropped their claims on Burgundy.
46. Nott, p. lxviii.
47. National Archives, SP 1/193/154.
48.
APC
, vol. 1, p. 238. The Privy Council, meeting at Oatlands, in Surrey, noted that ‘the king’s majesty was pleased that ... the Earl of Surrey [should] go to Boulogne’.
49. Hutchinson,
Last Days of Henry VIII
, p. 122.
50.
CDP Spanish
, vol. 8, p. 251.
51.
State Papers
, vol. 1, pp. 839-40.
52.
LPFD
, vol. 19, pt ii, p. 197.
53. It had been granted to Norfolk at the dissolution in 1538.
54. National Archives, SP 1/209/128.
55. National Archives, SP 1/210/30, and Bapst, p. 319.
56. National Archives, SP 1/213/47, and Nott, p. 198.
57.
LPFD
, vol. 21, pt i, p. 16.
58. Nott, p. 224.
59. Cited by Childs, p. 261.
60.
LPFD
, vol. 21, pt i, p. 225.
61. BL Cotton MS Titus B i, fol. 100B;
State Papers
, vol. 1, pp. 576-7. See also Nott, Appendix 38. Norfolk, in conversation with Henry, had suggested two husbands for the Duchess of Richmond; one was Thomas Seymour, ‘to whom his heart is most inclined’. The king could not remember the name of the other potential spouse.
62. Nott, pp. cxx-cxxi, and
LPFD
, vol. 21, pt ii, pp. 282-3.
63. See Hutchinson,
Last Days of Henry VIII
, pp. 57-8. Henry had married the twice widowed Katherine Parr on 12 July 1543 at Hampton Court.
64. Madam d’Estampes was the blonde Anne de Pisseleau d’Heilly, who became the mistress of Francis I of France in 1526 and remained in his affections until his death in 1547. In 1533, he gave her in marriage to Jean de Brosse, whom he created duc d’Estampes.
65.
LPFD
, vol. 21, pt ii, pp. 283-5.
66. Ellis,
Archaeologia
, vol. 23 (1831), p. 62.
67. The Fleet Prison was located in Farringdon Street, on the eastern banks of the River Fleet, outside the walls of the city of London. It was built in 1197, but destroyed three times: during the Peasants’ Revolt of 1381, the Great Fire of London in 1666 and during the Gordon Riots of 1780. It was finally demolished in 1846.
68. BL Harleian MS 78, fol. 24, and printed in Brenan and Statham, pp. 353-6 and Nott, pp. 167ff.
69.
APC
, vol. 1, p. 19.
70. St Nicholas Shambles was a lane, northwest of St Paul’s Cathedral.
71. National Archives, SP 1/176/151.
72. National Archives, SP 1/176/156.
73.
LPFD
, vol. 18, pt i, p. 204.
74.
APC
, vol. 1, pp. 104-6.
75.
LPFD
, vol. 21, pt ii, p. 136.
76. See Hutchinson,
Last Days of Henry VIII
, pp. 171-4.
77.
APC
, vol. 1, pp. 400, 408 and 411, and
LPFD
, vol. 21, pt i, pp. 366, 377, 378 and 382.
78.
LPFD
, vol. 21, pt ii, p. 173, and Pickthorn, p. 521.
79.
CDP Spanish
, vol. 8, p. 556.
80.
LPFD
, vol. 21, pt ii, p. 252, and Muller,
Gardiner Letters
, pp. 246-7.
81. Foxe,
Acts
, vol. 4, p. 138.
82. Southwell (1504-56) was a creature of Cromwell’s and one of the commissioners for the suppression of monasteries in Norfolk. He took a leading role in rounding up the conspirators in the planned insurrection at Walsingham in that county in April 1537. See Swales, pp. 256-60. For further information on the Walsingham incident, see C. E. Morton, ‘The Walsingham Conspiracy of 1537’,
Historical Research
, vol. 63 (1990), pp. 29-43.
83. Herbert, p. 562.
84. Hume, p. 144.
85. Ely Place was the London residence of the bishops of Ely and frequently rented to members of the court.
86. He arrived in London in June 1546.
87.
LPFD
, vol. 21, pt ii, pp. 270-71.
88. Herbert, p. 562.
89. Nichols,
Greyfriars Chronicle
, p. 52.
90. See Discussion in Lacey Baldwin Smith,
Mask of Royalty
, p. 236.
91. National Archives, SP 1/227/82, and
State Papers
, vol. 1, pp. 888-90.
92. National Archives, LR 2/115/6.
93. National Archives, SP 1/227/82.
94. The Kenninghall household consisted of the steward, almoner (who was a priest), the comptroller, Richard Wharton; sixteen gentlemen, six chaplains; two clerks of the kitchen; twelve servants of the chapel; fifty-two yeomen and sixty-one grooms. Surrey’s household at Kenninghall was five gentlemen; seven yeomen and six grooms - the bulk of his servants were at his home in Norwich. See
LPFD
Addenda, vol. 1, pt 22, p. 590. Wharton had tipped off the Duke of Suffolk in May 1537 about a seditious play, performed on May Day, about how a king should rule. See Swales, pp. 260-61.
95. National Archives, LR 2/115/18.
96. National Archives, SP 1/227/76.
97. Herbert, pp. 565-6.
Chapter 8: ‘The Great Survivor’
1. Cited by Lacey Baldwin Smith,
Treason in Tudor England
, p. 117.
2.
LPFD
, vol. 21, pt ii, p. 277.
3. Fulmerston had worked for the Howards for ten years, beginning as a yeoman servant and then delivering letters between Kenninghall and the court. His daughter married another Norfolk retainer, Sir Edward Clere. A John Fulmerston, ‘collector’ at the manor of Framlingham, Suffolk, mentioned in the accounts of John Goldingham, receiver to the second duke, when he was Earl of Surrey in 1502-3, may have been his father. (See Norfolk Record Office, Phi 606/3.) Norfolk granted Richard Fulmerston a customs post in Ipswich in 1545. He had been Surrey’s steward since 1538. He was granted the site and possessions of the Austin Friars at Thetford, Norfolk, described during a visitation in 1538, as ‘so bare that there was no earthly thing but trash and baggage’ (
VCH Norfolk
, vol. 2, p. 435). He obtained substantial rents on a large number of properties in September 1546 and also former Augustinian and friary lands in Thetford and Barnham, Suffolk. In Edward VI’s reign, he was assigned the market tolls of Thetford and this led to a dispute with the town’s corporation in 1572 (Norfolk Record Office, T/NS 31). His will, dated 1567, set up a free grammar school, for thirty pupils, at Thetford (Norfolk Record Office, T/NS 1-16).