Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War, and the Roots of Terror (35 page)

68 In 1967, the CIA: Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair,
Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs, and the Press
(London: Verso, 1998), pp. 245, 247.

71 It is this plan: Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja,
The Congo: From Leopold to Kabila: A People’s History
(London: Zed Books, 2002), pp. 106-12.

72 Piero Gleijeses, professor: Piero Gleijeses,
Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959-1976
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), pp. 61-66.

73 Gleijesis concludes: Ibid., pp. 69-70; on the Simba rebellion, see Nzongola-Ntalaja,
The Congo
, pp. 131-35.

74 The Simba responded: Gleijeses,
Conflicting Missions
, pp. 70-71, 73-75, 97, 126-28, 386.

75 Piero Gleijeses gives: Ibid., pp. 72-73, 129-32.

76 Whereas their Congolese auxiliaries: Ibid., pp. 157-58.

77 In pursuit of this goal: Ibid., pp. 330-46.

78 One of the sharpest: Ibid., p. 354.

80 In the years that followed: Lucas Khamisi,
Imperialism Today
(Dar-es-Salaam: Tanzania Publishing, 1981), pp. 167-68.

81 “The lesson of Vietnam”: Michael T. Klare and Peter Kornbluh, “The New Interventionism: Low-Intensity Warfare in the 1980s and Beyond,” in Klare and Kornbluh,
Low-Intensity Warfare
, p. 13.

82 Before the fiscal year: Senate Resolution 152, introduced on December 15, 1975.

82 Not since the start: See K. C. Johnson, “The Clark Amendment,” Department of History, City University of New York, available at
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/johnson/clark.htm
.

83 Clark was convinced: Ibid.

84 Heikal came upon: Mohamed Heikal,
Iran: The Untold Story
(New York: Pantheon, 1982), pp. 112-16.

85 “When Itzhak Rabin”: Ibid., p. 116.

86 As eighteen thousand Cuban: Gleijeses,
Conflicting Missions
, p. 392.

87 “Kissinger,” Heikal noted: Kissinger was, of course, not the only one happy about this arrangement: “Also aware of the existence of the new alliance, and happy that it should exist, were David Rockefeller and the Chase Manhattan Bank, with its heavy African investments.” See, Heikal,
Iran
, p. 112-13.

87 CIA chief William J. Casey: Renamo derived from an acronym for the Mozambique National Resistance, a covert armed group set up by white Rhodesian officers to overthrow the government of newly independent Mozambique.

88 Malan’s tenure: Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa,
Report
(Cape Town: CTP Book Printers, 1998), vol. 2, para. 120, pp. 28-29.

89 The partnership between: On Angola and Mozambique, see William Minter,
Apartheid’s Contras: An Inquiry into the Roots of War in Angola and Mozambique
(Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Zed Books, 1994), pp. 2-5, 142-49, 152-68; Alex Vines,
RENAMO: Terrorism in Mozambique
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991), pp. 24, 39; Victoria Brittain,
Death of Dignity: Angola’s Civil War
(London: Pluto Press, 1998), p. 65.

89 But this did not rule out: Thomas Bodenheimer and Robert Gould,
Rollback: Right-Wing Power in U.S. Foreign Policy
(Boston: South End Press, 1989), available at
http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Ronald_Reagan/ReaganDoctrine_TWRollback.html
, October 3, 2002, p. 7.

90 In a candid remark: Quoted in Minter,
Apartheid’s Contras
, p. 152.

91 And the UN estimated: See Ibid., pp. 4-5.

92 As a curtain-raiser: Ibid., p. 149.

93 Muldergate included: Karen Rothmyer, “The South Africa Lobby,”
The Nation
, April 19, 1980, pp. 455-58.

93 No less a personality: Sara Diamond,
Roads to Dominion: Right-Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States
(New York: Guilford Press, 1995), pp. 222-23.

93 Less than a year after: Vines,
RENAMO
, p. 24.

94 “South Africa, in search”: Gleijeses,
Conflicting Missions
, p. 274.

94 The militarization of the apartheid: Truth and Reconciliation Commission,
Report.

95 “Given the proposition”: John D. Waghelstein, “Post-Vietnam Counterinsurgency Doctrine,”
Military Review
, May 1985, p. 46, quoted in Klare and Kornbluh, “The New Interventionism,” in Klare and Kornbluh,
Low-Intensity Warfare
, p. 5.

96 Observing that “containment”: Bodenheimer and Gould,
Rollback
, pp. 1-2.

96 When reelected in 1984: Cited in Klare and Kornbluh, “New Interventionism,” in
Low-Intensity Warfare
, pp. 6, 9.

97 SOF funds had: Bodenheimer and Gould,
Rollback
, pp. 8-9.

97 That same year, 1986: Cited in Klare and Kornbluh, “New Interventionism,” in
Low-Intensity Warfare
, pp. 4-5.

98 These forces, Secretary of State: Cited in Michael T. Klare, “The Interventionist Impulse: U.S. Military Doctrine for Low-Intensity Warfare,” in Klare and Kornbluh,
Low-Intensity Warfare
, p. 63.

98 When he signed: See Ronald Reagan, “Statement on Signing the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985,” available at
http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/resource/speeches/1985/80885d.htm
.

99 Deadpan and matter of fact: Oliver North, Neil Livingstone, J. Michael Kelly, and Senator Rudman, cited in Klare and Kornbluh, “New Interventionism,” in
Low-Intensity Warfare
, pp. 14-16, 19.

101 Declaring that contra leaders: Bodenheimer and Gould,
Rollback
, p. 6.

102 By mid-1982: See Defense Intelligence Agency, weekly intelligence summary, July 16, 1982, p. 21; Clarridge’s testimony is in
The Miami Herald
, October 20, 1984; Americas Watch, “Human Rights in Nicaragua: Reagan, Rhetoric and Reality,” July 1985, p. 16; David Siegel, M.D., “Nicaraguan Health: An Update,”
LASA Forum
, winter 1986, p. 30. All quotes cited in Peter Kornbluh, “Nicaragua: U.S. Proinsurgency Warfare Against the Sandinistas,” in
Low-Intensity Warfare
, pp. 140-41, 142.

102 The U.S.-based Nicaraguan Association: Bodenheimer and Gould,
Rollback
, p. 7.

102 Even in these instances: This information is from Kornbluh, “Nicaragua,” in
Low-Intensity Warfare
, pp. 142-46.

103 In response, Congress: See Public Law 98-215 (H.R. 2968), December 9, 1983, Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1984.

104 Soon after, Robert McFarlane: Cockburn and St. Clair,
Whiteout
, p. 9.

105 As in the Golden Triangle: McCoy,
Politics of Heroin
, p. 24. All other information on this here and below is from pp. 478-84.

105 In 1990, after another: Cockburn and St. Clair,
Whiteout
, p. 14.

107 Both groups specialize: Alfred McCoy gives several examples of this affinity over the course of the Cold War: thus, “when the CIA needed a legion of thugs to break the 1950 communist dock strike in Marseille, it turned to that city’s Corsican milieu”; when it wanted to assassinate Fidel Castro in the 1960s, “it retained American Mafia syndicates who could not only kill on contract but also ensure confidentiality—something no official U.S. agency, except the CIA itself, could do”; in the mountains of Asia, the CIA was allied “with the heroin merchants in Laos” and “Chinese opium dealers in Burma.” See McCoy,
Politics of Heroin
, p. 15.

107 The NSA released: See Peter Kornbluh’s “Crack, the Contras and the CIA: The Storm over ‘Dark Alliance,’ “available at
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB2/storm.htm
.

109 One enthusiastic pastor: Diamond,
Roads to Dominion
, pp. 214-15, 221, 228, 237-38.

110 Appearing at its 1987: Ibid., pp. 238-39, 243.

111 As “a quid pro quo”: Jane Hunter,
Israeli Foreign Policy: South Africa and Central America
(Boston: South End Press, 1987);
Time
, March 28, 1983; SIPRI Yearbook, 1980, p.
96;
all cited in Jonathan Marshall, Peter Dale Scott, and Jane Hunter,
The Iran-Contra Connection: Secret Teams and Covert Operations in the Reagan Era
(Boston: South End Press, 1987), pp. 89-90.

111
Time
magazine:
Washington Post
, December 16, 1984, and June 16, 1984;
The Middle East
, September 1981;
NACLA Report
, May/June 1983;
Time
, May 7, 1984; Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi, “U.S.-Israeli-Central American Connection,”
The Link
, vol. xviii, November 1985; all cited in Marshall et al.,
The Iran-Contra Connection
, p. 14.

111 As Israeli defense:
The Washington Post
, September 15, 1984;
U.S. News & World Report
, December 15, 1986;
New York Times
, March 8, 1982, and November 23, 1986;
Aerospace Daily
, Au-ust 18, 1982;
Newsweek
, December 8, 1986; all cited in Marshall et al.,
The Iran-Contra Connection
, pp. 173-74.

113 After a White House:
New York Times
, November 26, 1986;
Ha’aretz
, November 18, 1986; all cited in Marshall et al.,
The Iran-Contra Connection
, pp. 114, 121, 168, 174, 183.

114
The Sunday Telegraph: The Sunday Telegraph
(London), March 5, 1989; quoted in
Israeli Foreign Affairs
, April 1989, p. 5; cited in Jonathan Marshall, “Israel, the Contras and the North Trial,”
Middle East Report
, September/October 1989.

115 Few outside of official Washington: Kornbluh, “Nicaragua,” pp. 136, 137, 140.

115 The scandal was: Cockburn and St. Clair,
Whiteout
, p. 9.

115 How far CIA thinking: The manual has been translated and published: Tayacán,
Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare
(New York: Vintage, 1985); for citations, see Kornbluh, “Nicaragua,” pp. 140–42.

117 Testifying before the World Court: David MacMichael, testimony before the World Court, September 8, 1985, p. 8 of the transcript, cited in Kornbluh, “Nicaragua,” p. 138.

Chapter Three: Afghanistan: The High Point in the Cold War

119 “These gentlemen are”: Cited in Eqbal Ahmad, “Genesis of International Terrorism,”
Dawn
(Karachi), October 5, 2001 (speech originally given in October 1998).

120 Thus, the United States supported: Tariq Ali,
The Clash of Fundamentalisms
, p. 275.

121 Israeli intelligence allowed: A former Israeli military commander of the Gaza Strip was quoted in 1986 to the effect that “we extend some financial aid to Islamic groups via mosques and religious schools in order to help create a force that would stand against the leftist forces which support the PLO.” Quoted in Graham Usher, “The Rise of Political Islam in the Occupied Territories,”
Middle East International
(London), no. 453, June 25, 1993, p. 19. The Israeli experts on defense policy Ze’ev Schiff and Ehud Ya’ari give a short account of Israeli policies toward Hamas so far as bank transfers and other margins of maneuver are concerned. See Ze’ev Schiff and Ehud Ya’ari,
Intifada
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), pp. 233-34. Finally, Khaled Hroub acknowledges that the Israelis used Hamas and the PLO against each other but discounts any deliberate Israeli role in aiding Hamas. See Khaled Hroub,
Hamas: Political Thought and Practice
(Washington, D.C.: Institute for Palestinian Studies, 2000), pp. 200-203. I am thankful to Joseph Massad for pointing out these sources.