Read Evening's Empire (New Studies in European History) Online
Authors: Craig Koslofsky
Evening's Empire (New Studies in European History) (58 page)
80.
Mary Jepp
Clarke
, “Letter from Mary Jepp Clarke to Ursula Clarke Venner, March 01, 1691,” in
Clarke Family Letters
(Alexandria, VA: Alexander Street Press, 2002), record numer S7378-D180.
81.
Nemeitz,
Séjour de Paris
, ed. Franklin, p. 52. On news-men or “nouvellistes” in French cafés see François Fosca,
Histoire des cafés de Paris
([Paris]: Firmin-Didot et cie,
1934
), p. 20.
82.
Julius Bernhard von Rohr,
Einleitung zur Ceremoniel-Wissenschaft der Privat Personen
, ed. with a commentary by Gotthart Frühsorge (Berlin,
1728
; repr. Leipzig: Edition Leipzig, 1990), pp. 467–68.
83.
Chevalier de Mailly,
Les entretiens des cafés de Paris et les diferens qui y surviennent
(Trévoux: Chez Etienne Ganeau,
1702
).
84.
Abraham a Sancta Clara,
Etwas für alle, das ist: Eine kurtze beschreibung allerley stands- ambts- und gewerbs-persohnen: mit beygeruckter sittlichen lehre und biblischen concepten
(Würzburg: druckts Martin Frantz Hertz,
1711
), p. 152. See Pieter van Eeghen and Johan Philip van der Kellen,
Het werk van Jan en Casper Luyken
(Amsterdam: F. Muller & Co.,
1905
),
II
: 407–13.
85.
John Tatham,
Knavery in all trades, or, The coffee-house a comedy: as it was acted in the Christmas holidays by several apprentices with great applause
(London: Printed by J.B. for W. Gilbertson and H. Marsh,
1664
), fo. D3r.
86.
Franklin,
Le café
, pp. 65–69.
87.
Willem van der Hoeven,
’t Koffyhuis: kluchtspel
(Amsterdam: de erfg. van J. Lescailje,
1712
). See Pim Reinders and Thera Wijsenbeek-Olthuis,
Koffie in Nederland: vier eeuwen cultuurgeschiedenis
(Zutphen: Walburg Pers,
1994
), p. 49.
88.
A proclamation for the suppression of coffee-houses
(London: Printed by the assigns of John Bill, and Christopher Barker, 1675); see
Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Charles II, 1660–1685
(London: HMSO, 1860–1939),
XVII
: 465, 503. A report of December 12, 1674 does refer to “much talk abroad” which “seems the nocturnal exercises at the coffee houses.”
Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Charles II
,
XVI
: 459.
89.
Jean-Baptiste Antoine Colbert, marquis de Seignelay, writing on December 27, 1685, as cited in Jean Leclant, “Coffee and Cafés in Paris, 1644–1693,” in
Food and Drink in History
, Selections from the Annales, Économies, Sociétes, Civilisations 5, ed. Robert Forster and Orest A. Ranum (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1987
), p. 91.
90.
Gustav Gugitz,
Das Wiener Kaffeehaus; ein Stück Kultur- und Lokalgeschichte
(Vienna: Deutscher Verlag für Jugend und Volk,
1940
), p. 31.
91.
Casimir Freschot (1640?–1720),
Mémoires de la cour de Vienne, ou Remarques faites par un voyageur curieux sur l’état present de cette cour
(Cologne: Chez Guillaume Etienne [actually The Hague],
1705
), pp. 31–32.
92.
Stadtarchiv Leipzig [hereafter SdAL], Tit. I, Nr. 37, “Thee- und Caffe- Stuben,” May 18, 1697.
93.
SdAL, Tit. I, Nr. 37, and Tit. LX B 3b, “in denen sogenandten Caffee-Häusern,” August 19, 1704. Closing hours were set at 9 p.m. in winter and 10 p.m. in the summer.
94.
Stadtarchiv Frankfurt, Bmb 1703, fos. 93v–94v.
95.
Stadtarchiv Frankfurt, Bmb 1703, fo. 142r: “ihre caffèschilde sovort einziehen und sich furters gaste auff den caffè, und anders getrancke zu setzen, bey hoher straffe enthalt(en) sollen.”
96.
Stadtarchiv Frankfurt, Rechneiamt Bücher Nr. 7, fo. 69v (old fo. 67v): “Abschaffung der The und Caffee Häußer.”
97.
See Gottlieb Schnapper-Arndt,
Studien zur Geschichte der Lebenshaltung in Frankfurt a. M. während des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts
, ed. Karl Bräuer, Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission der Stadt Frankfurt a.M. 2: 1–2 (Frankfurt: Baer,
1915
),
I
: 352.
98.
The coffeehouses of Cologne were likewise closed by an edict of August 23, 1706: see the reference to “Abschaffung der Coffehäuser” in Karl Härter and Michael Stolleis, eds.,
Repertorium der Policeyordnungen der Frühen Neuzeit
, vol.
VI
,
Reichsstädte 2 Köln
, ed. Klaus Militzer, Studien zur europäischen Rechtsgeschichte 191 (Frankfurt: Klostermann,
2005
), p. 1061.
100.
Spectator
9 (March 10, 1711), as quoted in Valérie Capdeville, “Les clubs londoniens: vie nocturne et transgression,” in
La nuit dans l’Angleterre des lumières
, ed. Suzy Halimi (Paris: Presses Sorbonne nouvelle,
2008
), pp. 21–34. The majority of these clubs met in private rooms in taverns or pubs, rather than in coffeehouses. See Kümin,
Drinking Matters
, pp. 187–88.
101.
Cowan,
Social Life of Coffee
, p. 250.
102.
In Europe’s very largest cities, retail trade helped light up the night. Schivelbusch (
Disenchanted Night
, pp. 144–46) cites Defoe’s
Complete Tradesman
(1728) on London shopkeepers’ use of lavish lighting to attract customers. The account of Paris by Nemeitz notes that “Many shops and most of the cafés, cookshops, and public houses are open until 10 or 11 o’clock, and the windows of these establishments are adorned with an infinity of lights, which shed a great light in the streets.” Nemeitz,
Séjour de Paris
, ed. Franklin, p. 57.
103.
“Bürgerliche Öffentlichkeit läßt sich vorerst als die Sphäre der zum Publikum versammelten Privatleuten begreifen; diese beanspruchen die obrigkeitlich reglementierte Öffentlichkeit alsbald gegen die öffentliche Gewalt selbst,” Habermas,
Strukturwandel
, p. 86.
104.
As initiated by Joan Landes,
Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,
1988
).
105.
Bertuch, “Moden in Gebrauche und Eintheilung des Tages und der Nacht,” pp. 199–201.
106.
Ibid
. See Piero Camporesi,
Exotic Brew: The Art of Living in the Age of Enlightenment
, trans. Christopher Woodall (Cambridge: Polity Press,
1994
), pp. 12–26 on feminization and “the Revenge of the night.”
107.
For much more see Ellis,
Coffee-House
, pp. 137–38; Lawrence Klein, “Coffeehouse Civility, 1660–1714: An Aspect of Post-Courtly Culture in England,”
Huntington Library Quarterly
59, 1 (
1996
): 30–52, here 38.
108.
E. J. Clery,
The Feminization Debate in Eighteenth-Century England: Literature, Commerce and Luxury
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan,
2004
), and Landes,
Women and the Public Sphere
.
109.
Julius Bernhard von Rohr,
Einleitung zur Ceremoniel-Wissenschaft der Grossen Herren
. Reprint of the second edn., Berlin, 1733, ed. with a commentary by Monika Schlechte (Leipzig: Edition Leipzig,
1990
), pp. 18–19: “die Nacht in Tag, und der Tag in Nacht verwandelt,” and Théophraste Renaudot, ed.,
Quatriesme centurie des questions traitées aux conférences du Bureau d’Adresse, depuis le 24e Ianvier 1639, jusques au 10e Iuin 1641
(Paris: Bureau d’adresse,
1641
), p. 416: “en la vie des courtizans de l’un et l’autre sexe qui font de la nuit jour et du jour la nuit.”
110.
“Nous revînmes gaiement à la faveur des lanternes et dans la sûreté des voleurs.” Marie de Rabutin-Chantal
Sévigné
,
Correspondance: texte établi, presenté et annoté par Roger Duchene
(Paris: Gallimard, 1970),
I
: 623.
111.
Letter dated Paris, August 26, 1679. The writer and satirist Leti was a Milanese convert to the Reformed church, writing to the marquise while she was in prison. C.H. de Saint-Dider, ed.,
Mémoires de la marquise de Courcelles … et sa correspondance, précédés d’une histoire de sa vie et de son procès. Revue et augmentée d’après des documents inédits
(Paris: Académie des Bibliophiles,
1869
), pp. 287–304, 341ff.; here p. 292.
112.
See Susanne Claudine Pils,
Schreiben über Stadt. Das Wien der Johanna Theresia Harrach 1639–1716
, Forschungen und Beiträge zur Wiener Stadtgeschichte 36 (Vienna: Deuticke,
2002
), pp. 227–32, 253–55 on the evening and night life of the Countess Harrach.
113.
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu,
The Complete Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
, ed. Robert Halsband, 3 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1965–67
),
I
: 20–21.
114.
John Vanbrugh,
A Journey to London
, 2.1, in John Vanbrugh,
The Relapse; The Provoked Wife; The Confederacy; A Journey to London; The Country House
, ed. Brean Hammond (Oxford University Press,
2004
), pp. 274–75.
115.
Cowan,
Social Life of Coffee
, p. 250.
116.
Albrecht, “Coffee-Drinking,” p. 94; Leclant, “Coffee and Cafés,” pp. 89–90; Ellis,
Coffee House
, pp. 80–81.
117.
Franklin,
Le café
, pp. 65–69.
118.
Ibid
., p. 62, quoting
Le porte-feuille galant, ouvrage mêlé de prose et de vers. Avec plusieurs questions sérieuses et galantes
(June 15, 1700), p. 3.
119.
Mailly, pp. 367–68, and Marie-Pascale Pieretti, “Is That Seat Taken? Women and Café Life in Early Eighteenth-Century Paris,” unpublished paper,
2004
.
120.
On salons, see Benedetta Craveri,
The Age of Conversation
, trans. Teresa Waugh (New York: New York Review Books,
2006
). These national and regional contrasts call for more research on gender and the early modern night.
121.
Paul Griffiths, “Meanings of Nightwalking in Early Modern England,”
Seventeenth Century
13, 2 (
1998
): 212–38.
122.
OBSP, “Dorothy Hall, of the Parish of St. Clement Danes,” May 12, 1687.
123.
OBSP, “Jane King, a notorious Night-walker,” May 31, 1688.
124.
Bernard Mandeville,
An enquiry into the causes of the frequent executions at Tyburn
(London: Printed and sold by J. Roberts in Warwick-Lane,
1725
), pp. 10–11.
125.
Ibid
., p. 10.
126.
For an overview of the debate, see Brian William Cowan, “What Was Masculine about the Public Sphere? Gender and the Coffeehouse Milieu in Post-Restoration England,”
History Workshop Journal
51 (
2001
): 127–57. See also Helen Berry, “‘Nice and Curious Questions’: Coffee Houses and the Representation of Women in John Dunton’s
Athenian Mercury
,”
Seventeenth Century
12, 2 (
1997
): 257–76.
127.
Ellis,
Coffee House
, pp. 66–67.
128.
On satires of women who kept coffeehouses, see
ibid
., pp. 109–10, especially
re
London’s Amsterdam Coffee House.
129.
Ibid
., p. 124.