Evening's Empire (New Studies in European History) (53 page)

73.
Casimir Freschot (1640?–1720),
Mémoires de la cour de Vienne, ou Remarques faites par un voyageur curieux sur l’état présent de cette cour
(Cologne: Chez Guillaume Etienne [actually The Hague], 1705), p. 91. German translation as
Relation von dem kayserlichen Hofe zu Wien
(Cologne: bey W. Stephan [actually Amsterdam or Leipzig],
1705
), pp. 51–52. On Freschot see Erich Zöllner, “Das barocke Wien in der Sicht französischer Zeitgenossen,” in
Probleme und Aufgaben der österreichischen Geschichtsforschung: ausgewählte Aufsätze
, ed. Heide Dienst and Gernot Heiss (Munich: R. Oldenbourg,
1984
), pp. 383–94.

74.
The author of several devotional tracts and a Pietist utopia, Sinold also published an manual of advice,
Die Wissenschaft zu leben … und … ein tüchtiges Mitglied der menschlichen Gesellschaft zu seyn
(Frankfurt and
Leipzig: “in den Buchläden zu finden,”
1739
), p. 212. On Sinold von Schütz, see Hans Wagener, “Faramonds Glukseligste (sic) Insel: Eine pietistische Sozialutopie,”
Symposium
26 (
1972
): 78–89, and the literature cited there.

75.
See for example the 1640 oil painting of a nocturnal banquet at court by Wolfgang Heimbach (1615–78), Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.

76.
Julius von Pflugk-Harttung,
Im Morgenrot der Reformation
, fourth edn. (Basle: A. Rohde,
1922
), pp. 182f.

77.
On the shift from two to three meals per day, see Roman Sandgruber, “Zeit der Mahlzeit. Veränderung in Tagesablauf und Mahlzeiteinteilung in Österreich im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert,” in
Wandel der Volkskultur in Europa. Festschrift für Günter Wiegelmann
, ed. Nils-Arvid Bringéus and Günter Wiegelmann (Münster: Coppenrath,
1988
), pp. 459–72.

78.
Jacqueline Boucher, “La nuit dans l’imagination et le mode de vie de la cour des derniers Valois,” in
Penser la Nuit
, ed. Bertrand, pp. 413–24, p. 418; see the overview in Duindam,
Vienna and Versailles
, pp. 150–60.

79.
Arthur Kern, ed.,
Deutsche Hofordnungen des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts
(Berlin: Weidmann,
1905
–07),
II
: 49, 71, 79.

80.
Kurt Treusch von Buttlar, “Das tägliche Leben an den deutschen Fürstenhöfen des 16. Jahrhunderts,”
Archiv für Kulturgeschichte
4 (
1899
): 15–19.

81.
The eldest son, John George II, inherited the bulk of the territory, the electoral dignity, and the Dresden court; the three younger sons (Augustus, Christian, and Maurice) founded the cadet lines of Saxony-Weißenfels, Saxony-Merseburg, and Saxony-Zeitz, with their courts at Halle, Merseburg, and Zeitz, respectively. Typically the three younger brothers sent their court diaries to John George II in Dresden, who in turn sent reports of the comings and goings at his court to Halle, Merseburg, and Zeitz. See Gabriele Henkel, “Die Hoftagebücher Herzog Augusts von Sachsen-Weißenfels,”
Wolfenbüttler Barock-Nachrichten
18, 2 (
1991
): 75–114, and Watanabe-O’Kelly,
Court Culture in Dresden
, pp. 30–34.

82.
Eberhard Schmidt,
Der Gottesdienst am Kurfürstlichen Hofe zu Dresden
(Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht,
1961
), pp. 32–34.

83.
Henkel, “Hoftagebücher,” pp. 106–14.

84.
Ibid
., pp. 111–12: “Der Liebe großer Irrgarten und darauff das Poßenspiel: Die 2 betrogene Ehemänner gennant, agiert.”

85.
In 1680 the court moved from Halle to Weißenfels on the accession of Duke John Adolph, and in 1685 a small Komödiensaal was opened in the Weißenfels palace. See Klaus-Peter Koch, “Das Jahr 1704 und die Weißenfelser Hofoper,” in
Weißenfels als Ort literarischer und künstlerischer Kultur im Barockzeitalter
, ed. Roswitha Jacobsen (Amsterdam and Atlanta, GA: Rodopi,
1994
), pp. 75–95.

86.
See Fähler,
Feuerwerke des Barock
, p. 125.

87.
Sponsel,
Der Zwinger
, p. 43.

88.
In Dresden and in other Lutheran cities such as Berlin, court nobles and urban elites began to stage torch-lit nocturnal funeral processions in the 1680s. They were quickly imitated by citizens and townspeople, despite the vehement resistance of the clergy, and by 1700 nocturnal funerals were the norm in Lutheran cities. See Craig Koslofsky,
The Reformation of the Dead: Death and Ritual in Early Modern Germany
(New York: St. Martin’s Press,
2000
), pp. 133–59.

89.
So for example the evening ball attended by John George IV on Tuesday, January 10, 1693: “Hat Abends Herr Ober-Jägermeister von Erdtmannsdorff in seinem Hause den Ball gegeben, wobey Ihr Churfürstl. Durchl. zu Sachsen unser gnädigster Herr auch erschienen.” Sächsisches Haupstaatsarchiv Dresden, OHMA, O IV, Nr. 69, Hofdiarium, 1693.

90.
Two aspects of court life relatively unaffected by nocturnalization were the hunt and the schedule of Christian worship services.

91.
Matthaeus Daniel Pöppelmann,
Vorstellung und beschreibung des … Zwinger Gartens Gebdäuden oder Der königl. Orangerie zu Dresden
(Dresden: Pöppelmann,
1729
), cited in Peter Lahnstein,
Das Leben im Barock: Zeugnisse und Berichte 1640–1740
(Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer,
1974
), p. 110.

92.
Freschot,
Relation von dem Kayserlichen Hofe zu Wien
, p. 51.

93.
Klingensmith,
Utility of Splendor
, p. 171.

94.
Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon (1675–1755),
Memoirs of Louis XIV and the Regency, by the Duke of Saint-Simon
, trans. Bayle St. John (Washington, D.C.: M.W. Dunne,
1901
),
I
: 34, and
Mémoires de M. le duc de Saint-Simon
, 42 vols., ed. A. de Boislisle and Léon Lecestre (Paris: [Montpensier],
1975
–; reprint of the 1879–1930 Hachette edn.):
I
: 70–71. For a similar description of the
appartements
from Elisabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine and duchess of Orléans, see her letter to Wilhemine Ernestine of the Palatinate, sent from Versailles, December 6, 1682, as reproduced in
Letters from Liselotte
, ed. and trans. Maria Kroll (New York: McCall, 1971), p. 40.

95.
Maria Fürstenwald, “Liselotte von der Pfalz und der französische Hof,” in
Europäische Hofkultur im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert
, ed. August Buck
et al
., Wolfenbütteler Arbeiten zur Barockforschung 8–10 (Hamburg: Hauswedell,
1981
),
III
: 468.

96.
See
Boucher
, “La cour des derniers Valois,” and Émile Magne,
La Vie quotidienne au temps de Louis XIII
(Paris: Hachette, 1942), pp. 50–90.

97.
Renaudot, ed.,
Quatriesme centurie des questions
, p. 413.

98.
Klingensmith,
Utility of Splendor
, pp. 155–59, 171. On
appartements
at the court of Charles XII (1697–1718) of Sweden, see Fabian Persson,
Servants
of Fortune: The Swedish Court between 1598 and 1721
(Lund: Wallin & Dalholm,
1999
), p. 53.

99.
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu,
The Complete Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
, ed. Robert Halsband, 3 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1965
–67),
I
: 288, to Lady Rich, December 1, 1716. On cosmetics see Melissa Hyde, “The Make-Up of the Marquise: Boucher’s Portrait of Pompadour at her Toilette”
Art Bulletin
82, 3 (
2000
): 453–75, and the literature cited there. See also Piero Camporesi on “the revenge of the night,” in
Exotic Brew: The Art of Living in the Age of Enlightenment
, trans. Christopher Woodall (Cambridge: Polity Press,
1994
), pp. 12–19.

100.
Chantelou,
Diary of the Cavaliere Bernini’s Visit
, p. 179.

101.
Night clocks were first designed in Rome, reportedly at the request of Pope Alexander VII (Chigi, 1655–67). On an early eighteenth-century Florentine night clock (case and mosaics by Giovanni Battista Foggini; woodwork by Leonard van der Vinne) in the Getty Museum collection, see Peter Fusco, “Curator’s Report: Proposed Purchase, Night Clock,” May 6, 1997, J. Paul Getty Museum, Permanent Collection, Object File, Acc. No. 97.DB.37, pp. 1–5. See also Alessandra Mazzonis, “Un orologio del XVII secolo al Museo Correale di Sorrento: il notturno di Pietro T. Campani,”
Kermes
14, 44 (
2001
): 17–26, 69, for a survey of European night clocks from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

102.
Rohr,
Grossen Herren
, pp. 18–19.

103.
Julius Bernhard von Rohr,
Einleitung zur Ceremoniel-Wissenschaft der Privat Personen
, ed. with a commentary by Gotthart Frühsorge (Berlin,
1728
; repr. Leipzig: Edition Leipzig, 1990), pp. 467–68.

104.
Ibid
., p. 468.

105.
William Byrd,
The London Diary (1717–1721) and Other Writings
, ed. Louis B. Wright and Marion Tinling (New York: Oxford University Press,
1958
), p. 76.

106.
Sinold,
Die Wissenschaft zu leben
, p. 337.

107.
Ibid
., pp. 337–38.

108.
Loen,
Kleine Schriften
, §3, pp. 62–66. On Loen, see Christiane Buchel, “Johann Michael von Loen im Wandel der Zeiten: Eine kleine Forschungsgeschichte,”
Das Achtzehnte Jahrhundert: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für die Erforschung des Achtzehnten Jahrhunderts
16, 1 (
1992
): 13–37.

109.
Loen,
Kleine Schriften
, §3, p. 66.

110.
Karl Ludwig Freiherr von Pöllnitz,
Nouveaux Mémoires du Baron de Pollnitz, contenant l’histoire de sa vie
, new edn. (Frankfurt: “Aux Dépens de la Compagnie,”
1738
),
II
: 151–52.

111.
Samuel Pordage, “A Panegyrick on his Majesties Entrance Into London,” in
Poems upon several occasions by S.P
. (London: Printed by W.G. for Henry Marsh, and Peter Dring,
1660
).

112.
Thomas Pecke,
To the Most High and Mighty Monarch, Charles the II, by the grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, defender of the faith
(London: Printed by James Cottrel,
1660
), p. 2.

113.
Ted-Larry Pebworth, “Herbert’s Poems to the Queen of Bohemia: A Rediscovered Text and a New Edition” [with text],
ELR
9, 1 (
1979
): 108–20; see also George Herbert,
The Complete English Poems
, ed. John Tobin (London: Penguin Books,
1991
), pp. 196–97. In his letters to Elizabeth, Henry Wotton regularly addressed her as “Most resplendent
Queen
, even in the darkness of Fortune,” and in 1629 spoke of “beholding how her virtues overshine the darkness of her fortune.” Henry Wotton,
The Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton
, ed. Logan Pearsall Smith (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1907
),
II
: 293, 325.

114.
I. W. [i.e., John Walton], “To my worthy friend, Mr. Henry Vaughan the Silurist” (1678), in
Works of Henry Vaughan
, p. 620.

115.
John Cleveland, “The King’s Disguise,” in
The Poems of John Cleveland
, ed. John M. Berdan (New Haven: Yale University Press,
1911
), p. 164.

116.
Vaughan, “The King Disguis’d,” in
Works of Henry Vaughan
, p. 626.

117.
Benserade,
Ballets pour Louis XIV
, ed. Canova-Green,
I
: 91–160; here p. 135 (note the reference to Psalm 119: 105, “Your word [is] a lamp to my feet / And a light to my path”). As Charles Silin has noted, there are “at least five allusions to the successful issue of the recent difficulties” in the
Ballet de la Nuit
: Charles I. Silin,
Benserade and His Ballets de Cour
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1940
), p. 219.

118.
Could this evocation of the darkness of rebellion to underscore the importance of the monarch at some point deconstruct itself, emphasizing instead the dark origins of the Sun King? See Aurélia Gaillard, “Le Soleil à son coucher: la nuit réversible de la mythologie solaire sous Louis XIV,” in
Penser la nuit
, ed. Bertrand, pp. 449–64, and Hélène Merlin, “Nuit de l’État et Roi-Soleil,” in
La Nuit
, ed. François Angelier and Nicole Jacques-Chaquin (Grenoble: Millon,
1995
), pp. 203–18.