Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years (190 page)

75
G. M. Marsden,
Jonathan Edwards: A Life
(New Haven and London, 2003), 160.

76
Ibid., 264.

77
N. L. Rhoden,
Revolutionary Anglicanism: The Colonial Church of England Clergy during the American Revolution
(Basingstoke, 1999), 24.

78
Bonomi,
Under the Cope of Heaven
, 119, 252-3.

79
A. D. Callahan,
The Talking Book: African Americans and the Bible
(New Haven and London, 2006), esp. xiv, 41-8, and quotation at 237. Callahan points out that not all African-Americans, let alone Africans back home, could take Christianity seriously after its association with slavery: ibid., 42.

80
Handy, 156.

81
On nakedness, K. Morgan, 'Slave Women and Reproduction in Jamaica, c. 1776-1834',
History
, 91 (2006), 231-53, at 240-41. On Evangelicals, Africans and clothing, M. Vaughan, 'Africa and the Birth of the Modern World',
TRHS
, 6th ser., 16 (2006), 143-62, at 147-51.

82
C. Harline,
Sunday: A History of the First Day from Babylonia to the Super Bowl
(New York, 2006), 323-4.

83
J. Wolffe, 'Contentious Christians: Protestant-Catholic Conflict since the Reformation', in Wolffe (ed.), 97-128, at 111. Wolffe points out that anti-popery did not stop the new Republic forming a military alliance with the Catholic French monarchy against the British.

84
H. Morrison,
John Witherspoon and the Founding of the American Republic
(Notre Dame, IN, 2005).

85
A. Phelps Stokes,
Church and State in the United States
(3 vols., New York, 1950), I, 307-8.

86
Butler,
Awash in a Sea of Faith
, 208.

87
Rhoden,
Revolutionary Anglicanism
, 106-7.

88
Handy, 138.

89
D. L. Holmes,
The Faiths of the Founding Fathers
(Oxford and New York, 2006), 53-7, 79-89; quotation at 87.

90
Ibid., 59-71; J. J. Ellis,
His Excellency: George Washington
(New York, 2004), esp. 45, 269.

91
I. Kramnick and R. L. Moore, 'The Godless Constitution', in T. S. Engeman and M. P. Zuckert (eds.),
Protestantism and the American Founding
(Notre Dame, IN, 2004), 129-42; J. Meacham,
American Gospel: God, the Founding Fathers, and the Making of a Nation
(New York, 2006), 80-83. See also F. Church,
So Help Me God: The Founding Fathers and the First Great Battle over Church and State
(Orlando, FL, 2007).

92
The rise and fall of American Church establishments are carefully discussed in L. W. Levy,
The Establishment Clause: Religion and the First Amendment
(New York and London, 1986), esp. Chs. 1-3.

93
C. S. Lewis, ed. W. Hooper,
God in the Dock
(London, 1979), 9, 100: Ch. 12, 'God in the Dock' was originally published as 'Difficulties in Presenting the Christian Faith to Modern Unbelievers',
Lumen Vitae
, 3 (September 1948), 421-6.

PART VII: GOD IN THE DOCK (1492 - PRESENT)

21: Enlightenment: Ally or Enemy? (1492-1815)

1
On the misbehaving Christ Child, see J. Nelson Crouch, 'Misbehaving God: The Case of the Christ Child in MS Laud Misc. 108 "Infancy of Jesus Christ" ', in B. Wheeler (ed.),
Mindful Spirit in Late Medieval Literature: Essays in Honor of Elizabeth D. Kirk
(Basingstoke, 2006), 31-43.

2
E. Rummel,
The Confessionalization of Humanism in Reformation Germany
(Oxford, 2000), 90-101.

3
C. Webster,
Paracelsus: Medicine, Magic and Mission at the End of Time
(New Haven and London, 2008).

4
D. Stevenson,
The Origins of Freemasonry: Scotland's Century, 1590-1710
(Cambridge, 1988), esp. 76 and Ch. 3.

5
F. Yates,
The Rosicrucian Enlightenment
(London, 1972), esp. Ch. 4.

6
H. Hotson,
Johann Heinrich Alsted, 1588-1638: Between Renaissance, Reformation and Universal Reform
(Oxford, 2000), esp. Ch. 5; H. Hotson,
Paradise Postponed: Johann Heinrich Alsted and the Birth of Calvinist Millenarianism
(Dordrecht, 2000).

7
S. Mandelbrote, 'John Dury and the Practice of Irenicism', in N. Aston (ed.),
Religious Change in Europe 1650-1914: Essays for John McManners
(Oxford, 1997), 41 - 58.

8
D. S. Katz,
Philosemitism and the Readmission of the Jews to England, 1603-1655
(Oxford, 1982), esp. 235-8, 241.

9
S. D. Snobelen, ' "The true frame of nature": Isaac Newton, Heresy and the Reformation of Natural Philosophy', in J. Brooke and I. Maclean (eds.),
Heterodoxy in Early Modern Science and Religion
(Oxford, 2005), 223-62; quotation from Newton's unpublished
Theologiae gentilis origines philosophicae
('Philosophical origins of Gentile Theology') from the 1680s, ibid., 245. See also R. S. Westfall,
Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton
(Cambridge, 1980).

10
H. Hotson, 'The Instauration of the Image of God in Man: Humanist Anthropology, Encyclopaedic Pedagogy, Baconianism and Universal Reform', in M. Pelling and S. Mandelbrote (eds.),
The Practice of Reform in Health, Medicine and Science, 1500- 2000
(Aldershot, 2005), 1-21, at 4.

11
F. Bacon,
Essayes,
'Of Atheisme' (London, 1879, reproduction of 1625 text), 64.

12
MacCulloch, 610-11.

13
J. Arrizabalaga, J. Henderson and R. French,
The Great Pox: The French Disease in Renaissance Europe
(New Haven and London, 1997), Ch. 4.

14
C. S. Dixon, 'Popular Astrology and Lutheran Propaganda in Reformation Germany',
History
, 84 (1999), 403-18; on astrology, E. Cameron, 'Philipp Melanchthon: Image and Substance',
JEH
, 48 (1997), 705-22, at 711-12, and Calvin's critique, J. Calvin, ed. J. T. McNeill and F. L. Battles,
Institutes of the Christian Religion
(2 vols., Philadelphia: Library of Christian Classics XX, XXI, 1960), 201 [
Institutes
I.xvi.3].

15
On the leadership and crucial role of Sephardic crypto-Jews at the College de Guyenne, P. J. McGinnis and A. H. Williamson (eds.),
George Buchanan: The Political Poetry
(Edinburgh, 1995), 6-7, 16-18, 313.

16
J. Friedman, 'The Reformation in Alien Eyes: Jewish Perceptions of Christian Troubles',
SCJ
, 13/1 (Spring 1983), 23-40.

17
Z. David, 'Hajek, Dubravius and the Jews: A Contrast in Sixteenth-century Czech Historiography',
SCJ
, 27 (1996), 997-1013, at 998, 1009.

18
J. Friedman, 'Unitarians and New Christians in Sixteenth-century Europe',
ARG
, 81 (1996), 9-37.

19
Cf. discussion of sodomy in MacCulloch, 620-29.

20
J. Edwards, 'Portugal and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain', in
Medievo hispano: estudios in memoriam del Prof. Derek W. Lomax
(Madrid, 1995), 121-39, at 137.

21
B. J. Kaplan, ' "Remnants of the Papal Yoke": Apathy and Opposition in the Dutch Reformation',
SCJ
, 25 (1994), 653-68.

22
A. Fix,
Prophecy and Reason: The Dutch Collegiants in the Early Enlightenment
(Princeton, 1991).

23
D. M. Swetschinki,
Reluctant Cosmopolitans: The Portuguese Jews of Seventeenth-century Amsterdam
(London, 2000).

24
J. I. Israel,
Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1650-1750
(Oxford, 2001), 159-74.

25
B. Spinoza, tr. S. Shirley, with introd. by B. S. Gregory,
Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
(2nd edn, Leiden, 1991), 51 [Preface].

26
B. Spinoza, ed. M. L. Morgan and tr. S. Shirley,
The Essential Spinoza:
Ethics
and Related Writings
(Indianapolis, 2006), 53 [Pt II, proposition 43].

27
M. Stewart,
The Courtier and the Heretic: Leibniz, Spinoza and the Fate of God in the Modern World
(New Haven and London, 2005), esp. 58-60, 65-7.

28
P. Bayle,
Miscellaneous Reflections, occasion'd by the Comet which appear'd in December 1680 . . .
(2 vols., London, 1708 [first French edn 1680]), II, 349-51.

29
J. Overhoff, 'The Theology of Thomas Hobbes's
Leviathan
',
JEH
, 51 (2000), 527-55. For a seminal study of Hobbes and his centrality to theological revision and anticlericalism, see J. A. I. Champion,
The Pillars of Priestcraft Shaken: The Church of England and Its Enemies 1660-1730
(Cambridge, 1992).

30
N. Keene, ' "A two-edged sword": Biblical Criticism and the New Testament Canon in Early Modern England', in Hessayon and Keene (eds.), 94-115, at 104-6, and on Mill, 109. On Laodiceans, see Colossians 4.16. To minimize the embarrassment of this text, the reference is translated in most Bibles as referring to a letter
from
the Laodiceans, though that does not really solve the canonical problem: see comment in E. Schweizer,
The Letter to the Colossians
(London, 1982), 242 and n. 18.

31
P. Almond, 'Adam, Pre-Adamites and Extra-terrestrial Beings in Early Modern Europe',
JRH
, 30 (2006), 163-74, esp. 164, 167; see also R. H. Popkin,
Isaac la Peyrere (1596- 1676): His Life, Work and Influence
(Leiden, 1987).

32
Israel,
Radical Enlightenment
, 695-700.

33
M. Martini, SJ,
Sinicae Historiae Decas Prima
(1658), see W. Poole, 'The Genesis Narrative in the Circle of Robert Hooke and Francis Lodwick', in Hessayon and Keene (eds.), 41-57, at 48.

34
Almond, 'Adam, Pre-Adamites and Extra-terrestrial Beings in Early Modern Europe', 163 - 74.

35
A. Hamilton and F. Richard,
Andre du Ryer and Oriental Studies in 17th Century France
(Oxford, 2004), 111-12.

36
D. Gange, 'Religion and Science in Late 19th-century British Egyptology',
HJ
, 49 (2006), 1083-1104, at 1090.

37
First published in
The Spectator
, no. 465 (1712). The original text, Ps. 19.1-6, is redolent of the 'Wisdom' literary tradition in the Tanakh (see p. 67): naturally a congenial ethos for Addison.

38
A. Cunningham and O. P. Grell,
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine and Death in Reformation Europe
(Cambridge, 2000), 205, 243.

39
J. de Vries,
The Industrious Revolution: Consumer Behavior and the Household Economy, 1650 to the Present
(Cambridge, 2008), esp. 40-58. A brilliant portrait of the effect on the seventeenth-century Netherlands is S. Schama,
The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age
(London, 1987), esp. Ch. 5.

40
A significant though little-remarked feature of the
Messiah
is the virtually complete absence of Mary the Mother of Jesus from its text. This silence was of course predictable in anti-Catholic Georgian England, and in
Messiah
's massive popularity with nineteenth-century Protestant Nonconformist choirs Mary would have continued to be something of a problem.

41
P. Ihalainen,
Protestant Nations Redefined: Changing Perceptions of National Identity in the Rhetoric of the English, Dutch and Swedish Public Churches, 1685-1772
(Leiden, 2005), esp. 579-99.

42
G. Ryle,
The Concept of Mind
(London, 1949), 17-24.

43
J. Locke,
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
(Oxford, 1975; first published 1690), 525, [Bk IV, Ch. 1].

44
D. Hume, 'Of Commerce' (1752), qu. M. Berg, 'In Pursuit of Luxury: Global History and British Consumer Goods in the Eighteenth Century',
PP
, 182 (February 2004), 85-142, at 130.

45
A. Fletcher,
Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500-1800
(New Haven and London, 1995), esp. Pt III.

46
On the Societies for the Reformation of Manners, see p. 748. For general discussion, see R. Norton,
Mother Clap's Molly House: The Gay Subculture in England 1700-1830
(London, 1992); T. van der Meer, 'The Persecutions of Sodomites in Early Eighteenth-century Amsterdam: Changing Perceptions of Sodomy', in K. Gerard and G. Hekma (eds.),
The Pursuit of Sodomy: Male Homosexuality in Renaissance and Enlightenment Europe
(Binghamton, 1989), 263-309. It would probably be taking conspiracy theory too far to point out that the dominant political figure of the two nations in that decade, William III, was subject to much gossip about his sexuality: see
ODNB
s.v. William III and II (1650 - 1702): 'Marriage and Sexuality'.

47
Figures quoted by James D. Tracy, in review of W. Bergsma,
Tussen Gideonsbende en publieke kerk: een studie over gereformeerd Protestantisme in Friesland, 1580-1610
(Hilversum, 1999), in
SCJ
, 32 (2001), 893.

48
P. Crawford,
Women and Religion in England, 1500-1720
(London and New York, 1993), 143.

49
MacCulloch, 167-8, 657-9.

50
P. Matheson,
The Imaginative World of the Reformation
(Edinburgh, 2000), 130.

51
On Mather, P. Bonomi,
Under the Cope of Heaven: Religion, Society and Politics in Colonial America
(New York and Oxford, 1986), 113. Anon. [R. Allestree],
The Ladies Calling
(12th edn, Oxford, 1727; first published 1673), 107, 126, 152.