Authors: Jon Lee Anderson
In Washington, thanks to Peter Kornbluh at the National Security Archive, Scott Armstrong, David Corn, Sergo Mikoyan, and Phil Brenner. In Miami, many thanks to my friends and repeat hosts—Rex and Gabriela Henderson, David and Inés Adams, and José and Gina de Córdoba.
These and other friends and relatives, spread around the world, made this long endeavor a much warmer experience. They include Vanadia Sandon-Humphries, Doris Coonrad, the late David Humphries, Jonathon Glancey, Michelle, Tina, Meim, Nohad Al-Turki, Nick Richards, Christopher and Monique Maxwell-Libby, Colin Pease, David Ridd, Simon Tucker, Rosalind Bain, Laurie Johnston, Cathy Booth, Tim Golden, Jeff Russell, Chuck and Bex, Michele Labrut, Bertha Thayer, Mike and Joan Carabini-Parker, Janet and Terry Parker, Maria Elena, the late Matilde Stone, Martin and Eva Barrat, Ingrid Vavere, Colin Lizieri, and Jos and Kien Schreurs-Timmermans. Jan Hartman has been a wise counselor and generous friend.
My mother, Barbara Joy Anderson, who was my first mentor and dear friend, passed away suddenly while I was in Cuba. I miss her still. Sofía Gato, who helped raise Che’s children and then did the same for us, died while I was still writing this book. She will always be remembered with great affection.
It is fitting that this book is published by Grove Press, which first introduced many of Che Guevara’s writings to readers in the United States. Grove’s offices were bombed in the Sixties after its “radical” magazine,
Evergreen
, was published bearing the same painting of Che on its cover that now graces the cover of this book. Grove’s publisher, Morgan Entrekin, has stood by me throughout the years. Thanks also to Carla Lalli and Elisabeth Schmitz, Anton Mueller, Kenn Russell, Muriel Jorgensen, Miwa, Judy, and everyone else at Grove Press who made me feel at home; Joan, Eric, Jim, Scott, Lissa, Kirsten, Tom, Lea, and Ben—many thanks. Special thanks to Amy Hundley, Lauren Wein, and Andrew Robinton. Patty O’Connell sorted out my tangled syntax and lapses into Spanglish. My thanks also to Deborah Schneider; Ursula Mackenzie at Transworld, Robert Feith at Objetiva, and Jorge Herralde at Anagrama. At the Wylie Agency, my thanks to Sarah Chalfant, Andrew Wylie, and Edward Orloff.
Few writers are fortunate enough to have a brother and a close friend, who also happen to be authors, as their editors, and yet I was uniquely
privileged to have Scott Anderson and Francisco Goldman as the slashers of my once overwhelmingly ponderous tome. Sharon DeLano oversaw the revision and updating of this edition, a gargantuan task that has improved the book immensely and, I hope, also extended its life-span. I shall be forever grateful to her dedicated spirit and her incomparable editing skills.
My wife, Erica, has been my unflagging companion and bolster throughout the entire “Che” odyssey. With true British aplomb, she accepted our move from Oxford to Havana in 1993 and proceeded to set up a home there, even as that society seemed to crumble around us. She withstood my many foreign trips, most of them lasting several months, without complaint, and always gave me a healthy and boisterous family to return to. For our children, Bella, Rosie, and Máximo, this book became an inextricable part of their lives. Rosie and Máximo’s first language was Spanish, while Bella began her morning classes with the hymn “Seremos como el Che”: We will be like Che.
Acción Democrática, Venezuela,
114
Acción Revolucionaria Peronista (ARP),
515
Acevedo, Enrique,
265
–66,
270
–71,
283
,
323
,
325
n
.,
346
,
354
,
680
Acosta, Heberto Norman,
158
,
192
,
323
Acuña, Juan Vitalio “Vilo” “Joaquín,”
250
,
659
,
673
–74,
682
–84,
688
,
690
,
693
–96,
698
,
737
“Address to the Tricontinental,”
684
Admiral Graf Spee
,
24
Adriazola Viezaga, David “Darío,”
716
,
716
n
.
African Dream: The Diaries of the Revolutionary War in the Congo, The
(Guevara),
587
n
.
Afro-Asian People’s Solidarity Organization,
576
,
643
–44
“Against Wind and Tide,”
699
Agramonte, Roberto,
366
,
394
,
414
Aguirre, Severo,
393
Ahumada, Roberto “Beto,”
39
,
489
,
490
,
750
Aja Castro, Ramón,
529
Alarcón Ramírez, Dariel “Benigno,”
658
,
666
,
667
,
690
,
700
,
704
,
716
,
718
,
719
,
737
Albizu Campos, Laura Meneses,
160
,
171
–72,
212
Albizu Campos, Pedro,
160
Alejandro de León Novemeber
13
Guerrilla Movement,
507
Alergia
(scientific quarterly),
93
,
159
Alexander, Robert,
127
Alexiev, Alexandr,
392
–94,
409
,
416
,
418
–
21
,
423
,
424
,
433
,
441
–44,
451
,
466
,
470
,
472
,
479
,
499
–504,
519
,
523
–24,
604
,
725
,
754
Alfhem
,
136
–37
Algeria,
486
–87,
513
,
520
–22,
527
–28,
542
,
554
,
576
,
584
,
586
,
717
–18
coup overthrowing Ben Bella in,
617
Alliance for Progress,
401
,
487
,
488
,
493
,
495
,
498
Almeida, Juan,
188
,
189
,
207
,
209
,
215
,
229
,
239
,
249
,
251
,
290
–91,
310
,
326
Alvarado Marín, Carlos Conrado de Jesús,
654
Álvarez Tabío, Pedro,
310
n
.,
583
n
.
Ameijeiras, Efigenio,
367
,
404
,
554
“America from the Afro-Asian Balcony,”
434
–35
Amoeda, Julio,
439
Anaconda mining company,
75
“Angustia (Eso es Cierto)”—”Anguish (That’s Right)”,
68
Anticommunist Legion of the Caribbean,
414
,
415
“Appeal to the Cuban People,”
231
APRA movement (Peru),
114
,
119
,
125
–26,
132
,
160
,
296
Apuntes Criticos a la Economica
(Guevara),
663
n
.
“Apuntes Filosóficos” (Philosophical Notes),
641
Aragonés, Emilio “Tembo,”
267
,
504
,
578
,
585
–86
Congolese conflict and,
622
,
623
,
625
,
630
,
743
Aramburu, General Pedro,
542
Arana Campero, Jaime “Chapaco,”
716
,
716
n
.
Arbenz, Jacobo,
99
,
116
–17,
126
–27,
133
,
136
,
456
,
466
,
734
in exile in Mexico City,
144
,
146
overthrow of,
139
–51,
153
,
155
,
171
,
373
,
400
,
403
Arbesú, José Antonio,
641
Arenas, Reinaldo,
361
Arévalo, Juan José,
116
Argentina,
6
–7,
133
,
491
,
496
.
See also names of individual politicians
Che’s longing for,
560
demographics,
30
diplomatic relations severed with Cuba,
499
“dirty war” against the left,
719
,
720
plans to spread revolution to,
512
–23,
526
–32,
542
–47,
549
,
555
–61,
575
,
654
,
673
,
675
,
677
–78,
685
secret police (DIPA),
558
social injustice in,
63
during World War II,
24
–25,
32
–33
Argentine Communist Party,
50
,
53
,
516
,
534
n
.,
549
,
551
,
563
,
578
Arguedas, Antonio,
686
,
695
,
717
,
745
–46
Arias, Carmen,
9
Aricó, José “Pancho,”
567
Ariel.
See
Carreterro, Juan, alias Ariel
Ariet, María del Carmen,
129
n
.,
189
Aristidio (executed Cuban peasant),
270
–71
Armand, Pierre,
377
ARP.
See
Acción Revolucionaria Peronista (ARP)
Arteaga, Cardinal,
459
Asturias, Miguel Ángel,
147
Atlee Phillips, David,
139
,
151
n
.,
450
Avance
(newspaper),
433
Ayoroa, Major Miguel,
703
,
705
–6,
707
n
.,
709
,
721
Babu, Abdul Rahman Muhammad,
583
Bahaza (Cuban fighting in the Congo),
629
–30,
639
Balaguer, Joaquín,
603
n
.
Balansa, Juan,
268
Bandera, Teodoro,
253
–54
Banzer Suárez, General Hugo,
721
,
728
Barnes, Tracy,
445
Barquín, Colonel Ramón,
303
,
347
,
356
,
359
,
367
Barrera Pérez, Colonel,
242
,
251
Barrientos, General René,
680
,
694
–96,
701
,
707
death of,
720
Bastidas, Carlos,
292
n
.
Batista, Fulgencio,
111
,
115
,
128
,
192
,
194
,
242
,
258
–59,
298
,
299
Eisenhower administration and,
160
,
259
–60,
268
,
278
,
288
,
326
,
347
–48
July 26, 1953 revolt against,
101
,
124
overthrow of, opposition groups working toward,
186
–87,
197
,
237
,
261
–62,
267
–68,
303
,
347
–48
Castro’s plans.
See
Castro, Fidel, Batista regime, plans to overthrow
Bauer Paiz, Alfonso,
123
,
127
,
194
,
199
Bay of Pigs invasion,
479
,
481
,
484
–86,
495
,
513
Bayo, General Alberto,
177
,
180
,
186
–89,
212
Beals, Carleton,
389
Beatón, Manuel,
449
Beatón, Oñate,
248
Beatón, Pepe,
248
Beatón, Pestan,
248
Before Night Falls
(Arenas),
362
n
.
“Beginning of the End, The,”
273
Béjar, Héctor,
529
–32,
554
,
575
,
644
,
645
,
646
n
.,
648
–49,
661
Belaunde Terry, Fernando,
531
Bellomo, “Petíso,”
566