Read Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500-1800 Online
Authors: Khaled El-Rouayheb
Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500-1800 (83 page)
92
Ibn Nujaym,
al-Baḥr al-rāʾiq,
5:18. The Qurʾan (21:74) mentions that “foul deeds” (
khabāʾith
) were committed by the people of Lot.
Ibn Nujaym,
al-Baḥr al-rāʾiq,
5:18. The Qurʾan (21:74) mentions that “foul deeds” (
khabāʾith
) were committed by the people of Lot.
93
Ḥamawī,
Ghamz ʿuyūn al-baṣāʾir
, 1:287; Shaykhzāde,
Majmaʿ al-anhur
, 1:596 (citing Tumurtāshīʾs
Tanwīr al-abṣār).
Ḥamawī,
Ghamz ʿuyūn al-baṣāʾir
, 1:287; Shaykhzāde,
Majmaʿ al-anhur
, 1:596 (citing Tumurtāshīʾs
Tanwīr al-abṣār).
94
Ibn
ʿAbidīn,
Radd al-muḥtār,
3:156.
Ibn
ʿAbidīn,Radd al-muḥtār,
3:156.
95
Ibn Nujaym,
al-Baḥr al-rāʾiq,
5:17.
Ibn Nujaym,
al-Baḥr al-rāʾiq,
5:17.
96
Ibn ʿAbidīn,
Radd al-muḥtār,
3:156.
Ibn ʿAbidīn,
Radd al-muḥtār,
3:156.
97
Ṭahṭāwī,
Ḥāshiyah
, 2:398.
Ṭahṭāwī,
Ḥāshiyah
, 2:398.
98
Greenberg,
The Construction of Homosexuality
274—77; Brundage, “Sex and Canon Law,” 43.
Greenberg,
The Construction of Homosexuality
274—77; Brundage, “Sex and Canon Law,” 43.
99
Ibn ʿĀbidīn,
Radd al-muḥtār,
3:156; Ibn ʿĀbidīn,
Munḥat al-khāliq,
5:18-19; Ramlī, Khayr al-Dīn,
Nuzhat al-nawāẓir
, 22; Munāwī,
al-Fayḍ al-qadīr,
6:226. Ibn ʿAbidīn quotes Khayr al-Dīn al-Ramlī, who in turn quotes
Dhayl al-Wishāḥ fī ʿilm al-nikāḥ,
by Jalal al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī (d. 1505). Munāwī quotes
al-Tadhkirah,
by Ṣāliḥ al-Bulqīnī (d. 1464). Suyūṭī and Bulqīnī both quote from an unnamed work by Ibn ʿAqīl al-Ḥanbalī (d. 1119), who was a student of Abū ʿAlī ibn al-Walīd al-Muʿtazilī; see Makdisi,
Ibn ʿAqil,
18-20.
Ibn ʿĀbidīn,
Radd al-muḥtār,
3:156; Ibn ʿĀbidīn,
Munḥat al-khāliq,
5:18-19; Ramlī, Khayr al-Dīn,
Nuzhat al-nawāẓir
, 22; Munāwī,
al-Fayḍ al-qadīr,
6:226. Ibn ʿAbidīn quotes Khayr al-Dīn al-Ramlī, who in turn quotes
Dhayl al-Wishāḥ fī ʿilm al-nikāḥ,
by Jalal al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī (d. 1505). Munāwī quotes
al-Tadhkirah,
by Ṣāliḥ al-Bulqīnī (d. 1464). Suyūṭī and Bulqīnī both quote from an unnamed work by Ibn ʿAqīl al-Ḥanbalī (d. 1119), who was a student of Abū ʿAlī ibn al-Walīd al-Muʿtazilī; see Makdisi,
Ibn ʿAqil,
18-20.
100
Alūsī,
Rūḥ al-ma ʿānī
, 8:152.
Alūsī,
Rūḥ al-ma ʿānī
, 8:152.
101
Ḥaṣkafī,
al-Durr al-mukhtār,
3:169; Nābulusī,
Risālat al-ajwibah,
fol. 81b; Ṭahṭāwī,
Ḥāshiyah,
2:397—98.
Ḥaṣkafī,
al-Durr al-mukhtār,
3:169; Nābulusī,
Risālat al-ajwibah,
fol. 81b; Ṭahṭāwī,
Ḥāshiyah,
2:397—98.
102
Ḥafnī,
Ḥāshiyah
, 3:389.
Ḥafnī,
Ḥāshiyah
, 3:389.
103
Zīrekzāde,
Ḥāshiyah
, fol. 51a.
Zīrekzāde,
Ḥāshiyah
, fol. 51a.
104
Būrsawī,
Rūḥ al-bayān
, 3:198-99.
Būrsawī,
Rūḥ al-bayān
, 3:198-99.
105
Jamal,
Ḥāshiyah
ʿalā tafsīr al-Jalālayn,
4:272-73.
Jamal,
Ḥāshiyah
ʿalā tafsīr al-Jalālayn,
4:272-73.
106
Abu al-Suʿūd,
Irshād al-ʿaql al-salīm,
5:217.
Abu al-Suʿūd,
Irshād al-ʿaql al-salīm,
5:217.
107
Abu al-Suʿūd,
Irshād al-ʿaql al-salīm,
5:130; Alusi,
Rūḥ al-maʿānī,
27:117; Shawkānī,
Fayḍ al-qadīr,
5:146.
Abu al-Suʿūd,
Irshād al-ʿaql al-salīm,
5:130; Alusi,
Rūḥ al-maʿānī,
27:117; Shawkānī,
Fayḍ al-qadīr,
5:146.
108
al-Khaṭīb al-Shirbīnī,
al-Sirāj al-munīr,
4:438.
al-Khaṭīb al-Shirbīnī,
al-Sirāj al-munīr,
4:438.
109
Jazāʾirī,
Zahr al-rabīʿ,
183.
Jazāʾirī,
Zahr al-rabīʿ,
183.
110
Būrīnī,
Tarājim al-aʿyān,
2:199.
Būrīnī,
Tarājim al-aʿyān,
2:199.
111
Murādī,
Silk al-durar,
3:19.
Murādī,
Silk al-durar,
3:19.
112
Muradi,
Silk al-durar,
2:308.
Muradi,
Silk al-durar,
2:308.
113
Buhūtī,
Sharḥ al-muntahā,
3:348.
Buhūtī,
Sharḥ al-muntahā,
3:348.
114
Ibn Hajar,
al-Zawājir,
2:143—44; Shabrāmallisī,
Ḥāshiyah
, 7:425.
Ibn Hajar,
al-Zawājir,
2:143—44; Shabrāmallisī,
Ḥāshiyah
, 7:425.
115
Ibn ʿAbidīn,
Radd al-muḥtār,
3:174.
Ibn ʿAbidīn,
Radd al-muḥtār,
3:174.
116
Zurqānī,
Sharḥ al-mukhtaṣar,
8 : 88 (the glosses of Bannānī).
Zurqānī,
Sharḥ al-mukhtaṣar,
8 : 88 (the glosses of Bannānī).
117
The sources are intriguingly silent concerning oral intercourse, especially
fellatio
. I have not come across a single clear-cut reference to this act in the juridical sources, or indeed in any other source, from the period. There are references to
fellatio
in the erotic work
Rujū‘al-shaykh ilā sibāh,
attributed to Ahmad al-Tīfāshī (d. 1253), and this work was known to at least one author in the early Ottoman period (Ishāqī,
Akhbār al-uwal,
115). For references to
cunnilingus,
see Buhūtī,
Sharḥ muntahā al-irādāt,
3 : 8; Kharāshī,
Sharḥ almukhtaṣar,
3:165-66 (the glosses of‘Adawī).
The sources are intriguingly silent concerning oral intercourse, especially
fellatio
. I have not come across a single clear-cut reference to this act in the juridical sources, or indeed in any other source, from the period. There are references to
fellatio
in the erotic work
Rujū‘al-shaykh ilā sibāh,
attributed to Ahmad al-Tīfāshī (d. 1253), and this work was known to at least one author in the early Ottoman period (Ishāqī,
Akhbār al-uwal,
115). For references to
cunnilingus,
see Buhūtī,
Sharḥ muntahā al-irādāt,
3 : 8; Kharāshī,
Sharḥ almukhtaṣar,
3:165-66 (the glosses of‘Adawī).
118
Ramli, Shams al-Dīn,
Nihāyat al-muḥtāj,
7:424.
Ramli, Shams al-Dīn,
Nihāyat al-muḥtāj,
7:424.
119
Buhūtī,
Kashshāf al-qin
āʿ,
6:89 and 6:95.
Buhūtī,
Kashshāf al-qin
āʿ,6:89 and 6:95.
120
Dardir,
al-Sharḥ al-kabīr,
4 : 321-24.
Dardir,
al-Sharḥ al-kabīr,
4 : 321-24.
121
The Imami Shī‘ī jurists disagreed on this point, as pointed out above.
The Imami Shī‘ī jurists disagreed on this point, as pointed out above.
122
Bujayrimī,
Tuḥfat al-ḥabīb,
4:153.
Bujayrimī,
Tuḥfat al-ḥabīb,
4:153.
123
al-Khatīb al-Shirbīnī,
Mughnī al-muḥtājj
, 4:144.
al-Khatīb al-Shirbīnī,
Mughnī al-muḥtājj
, 4:144.
124
Ibn Hajar,
al-Zawājir,
i 7.
Ibn Hajar,
al-Zawājir,
i 7.
125
Ibn Hajar,
al-Zawāījir,
2 :4-5.
Ibn Hajar,
al-Zawāījir,
2 :4-5.
126
Dasūqī,
Hāshiyah,
4:170.
Dasūqī,
Hāshiyah,
4:170.
127
Zurqāni,
Sharh al-mukhtasar
1: 176.
Zurqāni,
Sharh al-mukhtasar
1: 176.
128
Ibn ʿAllān,
Dalīl al-fālihīn,
2:141. Repentance from all sins was, of course, still a duty.
Ibn ʿAllān,
Dalīl al-fālihīn,
2:141. Repentance from all sins was, of course, still a duty.
129
Ibn Allan,
Dali
l al-fālihīnn,
4 :73-74.
Ibn Allan,
Dali
l al-fālihīnn,4 :73-74.
130
Shawkānī,
Fatḥ al-qadīr,
5 :neo.
Shawkānī,
Fatḥ al-qadīr,
5 :neo.
131
Ramlī, Shihab al-Dīn,
Fatāwā,
4 :73-74; Jamal,
Hāsbiyah ‘alā Sharḥ al-Manhaj,
2:193-94.
Ramlī, Shihab al-Dīn,
Fatāwā,
4 :73-74; Jamal,
Hāsbiyah ‘alā Sharḥ al-Manhaj,
2:193-94.
132
al-Muttaqī al-Hindī,
Kanz al-ʿummāl,
3: 372 (traditions 6999 and 7000).
al-Muttaqī al-Hindī,
Kanz al-ʿummāl,
3: 372 (traditions 6999 and 7000).
133
Ibn Qayyim al-jawziyyah,
al-Dā‘wa al-dawā’,
372-75.
Ibn Qayyim al-jawziyyah,
al-Dā‘wa al-dawā’,
372-75.
134
al-Qāriʾ al-Harawī,
al-Asrār al-marfūʿah,
238-39; Zurqānī,
Mukhtaṣar,
196;
ʿAjlūnī, Kashf al-khafāʾ,
2:263-64; Zabīdī,
Ithāf al-sādah al-muttaqīn,
7 : 439-40. A weak tradition is distinct from a fabrication; it may be used in moralistic and exhortatory literature, but not to establish a point of law; see Robson, “Hadīth,” 25a-b.
al-Qāriʾ al-Harawī,
al-Asrār al-marfūʿah,
238-39; Zurqānī,
Mukhtaṣar,
196;
ʿAjlūnī, Kashf al-khafāʾ,
2:263-64; Zabīdī,
Ithāf al-sādah al-muttaqīn,
7 : 439-40. A weak tradition is distinct from a fabrication; it may be used in moralistic and exhortatory literature, but not to establish a point of law; see Robson, “Hadīth,” 25a-b.
135
Saffārīnī,
Nafathāt ṣadr al-mukmad,
2:702 -3; Shawkānī,
al-Fawā‘id al-majmūʿah,
320.
Saffārīnī,
Nafathāt ṣadr al-mukmad,
2:702 -3; Shawkānī,
al-Fawā‘id al-majmūʿah,
320.
136
Antākī,
Tazyīn al-aswāq,
1: 29-30; Saltī,
Ṣabābat al-mu‘ānī,
fol. 18b-19a; Karmī,
Munyat al-mubibbīn,
fol. 29a; Karmī,
al-Fawāʾid al-mawḍū‘ah,
109.
Antākī,
Tazyīn al-aswāq,
1: 29-30; Saltī,
Ṣabābat al-mu‘ānī,
fol. 18b-19a; Karmī,
Munyat al-mubibbīn,
fol. 29a; Karmī,
al-Fawāʾid al-mawḍū‘ah,
109.
137
Munāwī,
al-Fayḍ al-qadīr,
6:179; Zabīdī,
Itḥāf al-sādah al-muttaqīn,
7: 439.
Munāwī,
al-Fayḍ al-qadīr,
6:179; Zabīdī,
Itḥāf al-sādah al-muttaqīn,
7: 439.
138
Hafnī,
Ḥāzshiyah,
3 : 373.
Hafnī,
Ḥāzshiyah,
3 : 373.
139
Ibn Hajar,
Fatāwā,
2:15.
Ibn Hajar,
Fatāwā,
2:15.
140
Ramlī, Shams al-Dīn,
Nihāyat al-muḥtāj,
2 : 497.
Ramlī, Shams al-Dīn,
Nihāyat al-muḥtāj,
2 : 497.
141
Cited in Shabrāmallisī,
Hāsbiyah,
2 :497.
Cited in Shabrāmallisī,
Hāsbiyah,
2 :497.
142
Qalyūbī,
Hāsbiyah, 1
:339; Bājūrī,
Ḥāshiyah
, 1: 254; Bujayrimi,
Tuḥfat al-ḥabib,
2: 261; Bujayrimī,
Ḥāshiyah,
1:539; al-Khatīb al-Shirbīnī
,Mughnī al-muhtāj,
1: 350; Ibn Hajar,
Tuḥfat al-muḥtāj,
3:166 (with glosses of Shirwānī); Jamal,
Ḥāshiyah ʿalā Sharḥ al-Manhaj,
2:193.
Qalyūbī,
Hāsbiyah, 1
:339; Bājūrī,
Ḥāshiyah
, 1: 254; Bujayrimi,
Tuḥfat al-ḥabib,
2: 261; Bujayrimī,
Ḥāshiyah,
1:539; al-Khatīb al-Shirbīnī
,Mughnī al-muhtāj,
1: 350; Ibn Hajar,
Tuḥfat al-muḥtāj,
3:166 (with glosses of Shirwānī); Jamal,
Ḥāshiyah ʿalā Sharḥ al-Manhaj,
2:193.
143
Sharqāwī,
Ḥāshiyah, 1:
337.
Sharqāwī,
Ḥāshiyah, 1:
337.
144
Raghib Pasha,
Safīnat al-rāghib,
322-26; Būrīnī,
Sharḥ Dīwān Ibn al-Fāriḍ,
2:65; Nābulusī,
Ghāyat al-maṭlūb,
19.
Raghib Pasha,
Safīnat al-rāghib,
322-26; Būrīnī,
Sharḥ Dīwān Ibn al-Fāriḍ,
2:65; Nābulusī,
Ghāyat al-maṭlūb,
19.
145
Ibn Hajar,
al-Zawājir,
2:211; Ibn ‘Abidīn,
Radd al-muḥtār,
1:35; Zabīdī,
Itḥāf al-sādah al-muttaqin,
6:508-9; Ramlī, Shams al-Dīn,
Nihāyat al-muḥtāj,
8:299; Qalyūbī,
Ḥāshiyah,
4:20-21; Alūsī,
Rūḥ al-maʿānī,
19:137.
Ibn Hajar,
al-Zawājir,
2:211; Ibn ‘Abidīn,
Radd al-muḥtār,
1:35; Zabīdī,
Itḥāf al-sādah al-muttaqin,
6:508-9; Ramlī, Shams al-Dīn,
Nihāyat al-muḥtāj,
8:299; Qalyūbī,
Ḥāshiyah,
4:20-21; Alūsī,
Rūḥ al-maʿānī,
19:137.
146
Qalyūbī,
Ḥāshiyah,
4:320-21.
Qalyūbī,
Ḥāshiyah,
4:320-21.
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