Read Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500-1800 Online
Authors: Khaled El-Rouayheb
Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500-1800 (78 page)
24
Muḥibbī,
Khulāṣata al-athar,
1:167-68.
Muḥibbī,
Khulāṣata al-athar,
1:167-68.
25
Muḥibī,
Khulāṣat al-athar,
2:288—89; Muḥibbī,
Nafḥat al-rayhānah,
1:38; Murādī, Silk
al-durar,
1:142.
Muḥibī,
Khulāṣat al-athar,
2:288—89; Muḥibbī,
Nafḥat al-rayhānah,
1:38; Murādī, Silk
al-durar,
1:142.
26
ʿUtayfī,
Riḥlah,
16.
ʿUtayfī,
Riḥlah,
16.
27
The three traditions were included in
al-Jāmiʿal-saghīr,
the renowned compilation of the Prophet’s sayings by Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī (d. 1505); see Munāwī,
al-Fayd al-qadīr,
1:74, 540, 2:224, 3:313
(ḥadīths
44, 1107, 1720, 3486). For citations of such sayings in belles-lettres, see Ṭālawī,
Sāniḥāt dumā al-qaṣr,
2:178; Khafājī,
Rayḥānat al-alibbā,
1:417; Murādī, Silk
al-durar,
3:100-101, 4:73; Nābulusī,
Khamrat bābil,
177-78.
The three traditions were included in
al-Jāmiʿal-saghīr,
the renowned compilation of the Prophet’s sayings by Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī (d. 1505); see Munāwī,
al-Fayd al-qadīr,
1:74, 540, 2:224, 3:313
(ḥadīths
44, 1107, 1720, 3486). For citations of such sayings in belles-lettres, see Ṭālawī,
Sāniḥāt dumā al-qaṣr,
2:178; Khafājī,
Rayḥānat al-alibbā,
1:417; Murādī, Silk
al-durar,
3:100-101, 4:73; Nābulusī,
Khamrat bābil,
177-78.
28
Nābulusī,
Dīwān al-ḥaqā
iq,
1:36.
Nābulusī,
Dīwān al-ḥaqā
iq,1:36.
29
al-ʿUmarī, ʿUthmān,
al-Rawḍ al-naḍir,
2:180-81; Ghulāmī,
Shammāmat alʿanbar,
277.
al-ʿUmarī, ʿUthmān,
al-Rawḍ al-naḍir,
2:180-81; Ghulāmī,
Shammāmat alʿanbar,
277.
30
Marcus,
The Middle East on
the
Eve of Modernity,
35-36. For the association of
riqqah
and
ḥaḍārah,
see ʿAmilī, Baha’ al-Dīn,
al-Kashkūl,
2:148; Ibn Maʿṣūm,
Sulūfat al-ʿaṣr,
369; Muḥibbī,
Khulāṣat al-athar,
3:311.
Marcus,
The Middle East on
the
Eve of Modernity,
35-36. For the association of
riqqah
and
ḥaḍārah,
see ʿAmilī, Baha’ al-Dīn,
al-Kashkūl,
2:148; Ibn Maʿṣūm,
Sulūfat al-ʿaṣr,
369; Muḥibbī,
Khulāṣat al-athar,
3:311.
31
Shaʿrānī,
Laṭā
if al-minan,
1:33.
Shaʿrānī,
Laṭā
if al-minan,1:33.
32
Baer, “Shirbīnī
s
Hazz al-quḥūf
and its significance.”
Baer, “Shirbīnī
sHazz al-quḥūf
and its significance.”
33
In this and the following section I draw on material from my article “The Love of Boys in Arabic Love-Poetry of the Early Ottoman Period, 1500-1800,”
Middle Eastern Literatures
8 (2005): 3-22.
In this and the following section I draw on material from my article “The Love of Boys in Arabic Love-Poetry of the Early Ottoman Period, 1500-1800,”
Middle Eastern Literatures
8 (2005): 3-22.
34
Muḥibbī,
Khulāṣat al-athar,
1:151; Muḥibbī,
Nafḥat al-rayḥānah,
3:447, 4:207, 3:88; Kaywānī,
Dīwān,
133. On
maṭbūʿ
poetry see Manīnī,
al-Fatḥ al-wahbī,
1:115.
Muḥibbī,
Khulāṣat al-athar,
1:151; Muḥibbī,
Nafḥat al-rayḥānah,
3:447, 4:207, 3:88; Kaywānī,
Dīwān,
133. On
maṭbūʿ
poetry see Manīnī,
al-Fatḥ al-wahbī,
1:115.
35
Tālawī,
Sanihat duma al-qaṣr,
2:287.
Tālawī,
Sanihat duma al-qaṣr,
2:287.
36
The major poetic anthologies from the period are
Rayḥānat al-alibbā,
by Ahmad al-Khafājī (d. 1659);
Sulāfat al-ʿaṣr,
by Ibn Maʿṣūm (d. ca. 1708) ;
Nafḥat al-rayḥānah,
by Muhammad Amīn al-Muḥibbī (d. 1699);
al-Rawḍ al-naḍir,
by ʿUthmān al-ʿUmarī (d. 1770/1); and
Shammāmat al-ʿanbar,
by Muhammad al-Ghulāmī (d. 1772/3).
The major poetic anthologies from the period are
Rayḥānat al-alibbā,
by Ahmad al-Khafājī (d. 1659);
Sulāfat al-ʿaṣr,
by Ibn Maʿṣūm (d. ca. 1708) ;
Nafḥat al-rayḥānah,
by Muhammad Amīn al-Muḥibbī (d. 1699);
al-Rawḍ al-naḍir,
by ʿUthmān al-ʿUmarī (d. 1770/1); and
Shammāmat al-ʿanbar,
by Muhammad al-Ghulāmī (d. 1772/3).
37
Muḥibbī,
Khulāṣat al-athar,
1:406.
Muḥibbī,
Khulāṣat al-athar,
1:406.
38
For examples of love poetry using the feminine, see Muḥibbī,
Nafḥat al-rayḥānah,
1:198-200, 2:273, 2:392, 2:425-27, 3:65, 3:499-500, 4:48; Kanjī,
Bulūgh al-munā,
15- 16, 68.
For examples of love poetry using the feminine, see Muḥibbī,
Nafḥat al-rayḥānah,
1:198-200, 2:273, 2:392, 2:425-27, 3:65, 3:499-500, 4:48; Kanjī,
Bulūgh al-munā,
15- 16, 68.
39
Lane,
An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians,
257.
Lane,
An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians,
257.
40
Ṭahṭāwī,
Takhlīṣ al-ibrīz,
78.
Ṭahṭāwī,
Takhlīṣ al-ibrīz,
78.
41
Amīn,
Muṭālaʿāt fī al-shiʿr al-mamlūkī wa al-ʿUthmānī,
117-27. The author, however, admits at the very end of his discussion that love poetry of boys was not uncommon.
Amīn,
Muṭālaʿāt fī al-shiʿr al-mamlūkī wa al-ʿUthmānī,
117-27. The author, however, admits at the very end of his discussion that love poetry of boys was not uncommon.
42
Basha,
Tārīkh al-adah al-ʿarabī: al-adab al-ʿuthmānī,
593; Jundi,
Dīwān,
123-43.
Basha,
Tārīkh al-adah al-ʿarabī: al-adab al-ʿuthmānī,
593; Jundi,
Dīwān,
123-43.
43
Anouti,
al-Harakah al-adabiyyah,
59 (footnote 1). Anouti wrote that these four examples are all he could find.
Anouti,
al-Harakah al-adabiyyah,
59 (footnote 1). Anouti wrote that these four examples are all he could find.
44
al-ʿUmarī, ʿUthmān,
al-Rawd al-nadir,
1:458; Kaywānī,
Dīwān,
108; Muḥibbī,
Nafḥat al-rayḥānah,
1:126.
al-ʿUmarī, ʿUthmān,
al-Rawd al-nadir,
1:458; Kaywānī,
Dīwān,
108; Muḥibbī,
Nafḥat al-rayḥānah,
1:126.
45
Murādī,
Silk al-durar,
1:16, 129, 167, 196, 247; 2:251, 262, 263; 3:199; 4:181, 204, 208, 262.
Murādī,
Silk al-durar,
1:16, 129, 167, 196, 247; 2:251, 262, 263; 3:199; 4:181, 204, 208, 262.
46
Bauer,
Liebe und Liebesdichtung,
255-80.
Bauer,
Liebe und Liebesdichtung,
255-80.
47
Muḥibbī,
Khulāṣat al-athar,
3:409, 1:331; Murādī,
Silk al-durar,
1:196; Kanjī,
Bulūgh al-munā,
26; Muḥibbī,
Nafḥat al-rayḥānah,
1:218; al-ʿUmarī, ʿUthmān,
al-Rawd al-nadir,
1:457; Shabrāwī,
Dīwān,
69; Nābulusī,
Khamrat bābil,
272.
Muḥibbī,
Khulāṣat al-athar,
3:409, 1:331; Murādī,
Silk al-durar,
1:196; Kanjī,
Bulūgh al-munā,
26; Muḥibbī,
Nafḥat al-rayḥānah,
1:218; al-ʿUmarī, ʿUthmān,
al-Rawd al-nadir,
1:457; Shabrāwī,
Dīwān,
69; Nābulusī,
Khamrat bābil,
272.
48
Ibn al-Ḥanbalī,
Durr al-ḥabab,
1:250.
Ibn al-Ḥanbalī,
Durr al-ḥabab,
1:250.
49
For manuscripts of these works, see the index to Brockelman,
Geschichte der arabischen Literatur.
For manuscripts of these works, see the index to Brockelman,
Geschichte der arabischen Literatur.
50
There are, however, examples of a poet describing the beard-down of his beloved, only to go on to describe his earrings (
qurṭ
) and pigtail (
ghadā
ir
) or his veil (Murādī,
Silk al-durar,
2 : 263; al-ʿUmarī, ʿUthmān,
al-Rawd al-nadir,
1 : 252—53). For a male youth with earrings, see ʿĀmilī, Bahā
al-Dīn,
al-Kashkūl,
2 : 286; for a veiled youth, see Ibn al-Ḥanbalī,
Durr al-ḥabab,
1 : 1109.
There are, however, examples of a poet describing the beard-down of his beloved, only to go on to describe his earrings (
qurṭ
) and pigtail (
ghadā
ir) or his veil (Murādī,
Silk al-durar,
2 : 263; al-ʿUmarī, ʿUthmān,
al-Rawd al-nadir,
1 : 252—53). For a male youth with earrings, see ʿĀmilī, Bahā
al-Dīn,al-Kashkūl,
2 : 286; for a veiled youth, see Ibn al-Ḥanbalī,
Durr al-ḥabab,
1 : 1109.
51
For beard-down as an indication of the gender of the beloved in Persian love poetry, see Bürgel, “Love, Lust, and Longing,” 95.
For beard-down as an indication of the gender of the beloved in Persian love poetry, see Bürgel, “Love, Lust, and Longing,” 95.
52
Ibn al-Ḥanbalī,
Durr al-babab,
1 : 689.
Ibn al-Ḥanbalī,
Durr al-babab,
1 : 689.
53
Ibn Hajar,
Tuḥfat al-muḥtāj,
7 : 190; Ramlī, Sham al-Dīn,
Nihāyat al-muḥtāj,
6 : 193; Bājūrī,
Ḥāshiyah,
2 : 101—2.
Ibn Hajar,
Tuḥfat al-muḥtāj,
7 : 190; Ramlī, Sham al-Dīn,
Nihāyat al-muḥtāj,
6 : 193; Bājūrī,
Ḥāshiyah,
2 : 101—2.
54
Būrīnī,
Tarājim al-a
ʿyān,
1 : 124; Nābulusī,
Khamrat bābil,
120, 159; Williams,
Roman Homosexuality,
242 (citing Lucretius).
Būrīnī,
Tarājim al-a
ʿyān,
1 : 124; Nābulusī,
Khamrat bābil,
120, 159; Williams,
Roman Homosexuality,
242 (citing Lucretius).
55
Quoted in Muḥibbī,
Khulāṣat al-athar
, 3 : 316.
Quoted in Muḥibbī,
Khulāṣat al-athar
, 3 : 316.
56
Ibn Maʿṣūm,
Sulāfat al-ʿaṣr,
528; Muḥibbī,
Khulāṣat al-athar,
2 : 384; Murādī,
Silk al-durar,
3 : 254—55; Muhibbī,
Khulāṣat al-athar,
2 : 405.
Ibn Maʿṣūm,
Sulāfat al-ʿaṣr,
528; Muḥibbī,
Khulāṣat al-athar,
2 : 384; Murādī,
Silk al-durar,
3 : 254—55; Muhibbī,
Khulāṣat al-athar,
2 : 405.
57
Freud,
Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality,
144.
Freud,
Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality,
144.
58
Ibn al-Wakīl al-Mallawī,
Bughyat al-musāmir,
fol. 67a—72a.
Ibn al-Wakīl al-Mallawī,
Bughyat al-musāmir,
fol. 67a—72a.
59
ʿAlwān al-Ḥamawī,
ʿArā
is al-ghurar,
68. Beardless youths were also depicted as being attractive to both women and men in classical Roman literature (Williams,
Roman Honwsexuality,
59).
ʿAlwān al-Ḥamawī,
ʿArā
is al-ghurar,68. Beardless youths were also depicted as being attractive to both women and men in classical Roman literature (Williams,
Roman Honwsexuality,
59).
60
al-ʿUmarī, ʿUthmān,
al-Rawd al-naḍir,
1 : 353; Ghulāmī,
Shammāmat al- ʿanbar,
127.
al-ʿUmarī, ʿUthmān,
al-Rawd al-naḍir,
1 : 353; Ghulāmī,
Shammāmat al- ʿanbar,
127.
61
Munāwī,
al-Fayd al-qadīr,
2 : 2 (
ḥadīth
1178). There was some disagreement among scholars about whether this equation included the Prophet Muhammad.
Munāwī,
al-Fayd al-qadīr,
2 : 2 (
ḥadīth
1178). There was some disagreement among scholars about whether this equation included the Prophet Muhammad.
62
Jāḥiẓ
, Mufākharat al-jawārī wa al-ghilmān,
in
Rasā
il,
2 : 87—137. See Rosenthal’s survey of this theme in classical Arabic literature in “Male and Female: Described and Compared.” The theme also features in late-classical Greek literature (see Foucault,
The History of Sexuality,
3 : 193ff.; Goldhill,
Foucault’s Virginity,
82ff.); and in the literature of premodern Japan (see Pflugfelder,
Cartographies of Desire,
59—63).
Jāḥiẓ
, Mufākharat al-jawārī wa al-ghilmān,
in
Rasā
il,2 : 87—137. See Rosenthal’s survey of this theme in classical Arabic literature in “Male and Female: Described and Compared.” The theme also features in late-classical Greek literature (see Foucault,
The History of Sexuality,
3 : 193ff.; Goldhill,
Foucault’s Virginity,
82ff.); and in the literature of premodern Japan (see Pflugfelder,
Cartographies of Desire,
59—63).
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