A Wilderness So Immense (68 page)

24.
Harsanyi, “A Second Chance,” 6–7; Talleyrand’s lectures in Bulwer,
Historical Characters,
480–81.

25.
Ibid., 456–57; Harsanyi, “A Second Chance,” 8.

26.
Talleyrand’s lectures in Bulwer,
Historical Characters,
461. Talleyrand mentioned three authorities by name in the two lectures: Machiavelli, Montesquieu, and Choiseul.

27.
Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States of America, from the Signing of the Definitive Treaty of Peace, 10th September, 1783, to the Adoption of the Constitution, March 4, 1789
(Washington, D.C., 1855), 1: 241; William Blount to Richard Caswell, January 28, 1787,
Letters of Delegates,
24: 75.

28.
Alexander DeConde,
This Affair of Louisiana
(New York, 1976), 76–78; E. Wilson Lyon, “Moustier’s Memoir on Louisiana,”
MVHR
22 (1935–1936): 251–66; Lyon,
Louisiana in French Diplomacy, 1789–1804
(Norman, Okla., 1934), 60–66.

29.
The discomfort occasioned by Moustier’s odd behavior, offensive table manners, and dubious relationship with his sister-in-law and companion Madame de Bréhan are summarized in Dumas Malone,
Jefferson and the Rights of Man
(Boston, 1951), 197–98.

30.
Lyon, “Moustier’s Memoir,” 253; DeConde,
This Affair of Louisiana,
79–80.

31.
Gilbert C. Din, “‘For Defense of Country and the Glory of Arms’: Army Officers in Spanish Louisiana, 1766–1803,”
LH
43 (2002): 6.

32.
DeConde,
This Affair of Louisiana,
80–81.

33.
Stuart Gerry Brown, ed.,
The Autobiography of James Monroe
(Syracuse, 1959), 136–37.

34.
New York Herald
article reprinted in the
New Hampshire and Vermont Journal: Or the Farmer’s Weekly Museum
of Walpole, New Hampshire, September 6, 1796, quoted in DeConde,
This Affair of Louisiana,
81.

35.
Pickering to King, February 15 and June 20, 1797, quoted in DeConde,
This Affair of Louisiana,
84–85.

36.
Carondelet, Military Report on Louisiana and West Florida, November 24, 1794, in Robertson,
Louisiana,
1: 298–99; Abraham Steiner and Frederick
C. De Schweinitz, 1799, and
Knoxville Gazette,
May 22, 1795, and February 11, 1794, quoted in Charles H. Faulkner, “‘Here Are Frame Houses and Brick Chimneys’: Knoxville, Tennessee, in the Late Eighteenth Century,” in David Colin Crass, Steven D. Smith, Martha A. Zierden, and Richard D. Brooks, eds.,
The Southern Colonial Backcountry: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Frontier Communities
(Knoxville, 1998), 139, 142; Edward A. Chappell, “Housing a Nation: The Transformation of Living Standards in Early America,” in Cary Carson, Ronald Hoffman, and Peter J. Albert, eds.,
Of Consuming Interests: The Style of Life in the Eighteenth-Century
(Charlottesville, 1994), 167–232; Elizabeth A. Perkins, “The Consumer Frontier: Household Consumption in Early Kentucky,”
JAH
78 (1991–1992): 486–510.

37.
Talleyrand’s lectures in Bulwer,
Historical Characters,
466–68, quotation at 474; Francois Michaux quoted in Perkins, “The Consumer Frontier,” 499.

38.
Lewis E. Atherton,
The Frontier Merchant in Mid-America
(Columbia, Mo., 1971), 82; Perkins, “The Consumer Frontier,” 510. Sturdy Conestoga wagons originated in eastern Pennsylvania early in the eighteenth century, were generally drawn by six horses, and could carry almost eight tons of freight. The lighter prairie schooner was adapted from common farm wagons later in the nineteenth century and was usually pulled by two or four horses or oxen.

39.
Perkins, “The Consumer Frontier,” 493; John Wesley Hunt’s wagon inventories for Mathias Vankirk, John Hack, William Graham, Elisha Phipps, and Minshal Williams, October 26–29, 1795, are among five boxes of uncalendared papers, 1784–1811, in the Hunt-Morgan Family Papers, 63 M 202, University of Kentucky, Lexington. I am grateful to archivist Claire McCann for bringing these papers to my attention.

40.
Two-page dry goods inventory, ca. 1800, Hunt-Morgan Papers, University of Kentucky; Francois Michaux quoted in Perkins, “The Consumer Frontier,” 502; export figures from the
Kentucky Gazette,
May 18, 1801, ibid., 507.

41.
Invoice from the Pittsburgh Glass Works, July 14, 1800, invoice “No. 19” from Mathew Carey, May 22, 1795, Hunt-Morgan Papers; Mary Wollstonecraft,
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman; with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects
(London, Dublin, and Boston, 1792), quoted Talleyrand’s observation “that to see one half of the human race excluded by the other from all participation in government, was a political phaenomenon that, according to abstract principles, it was impossible to explain.”

42.
James A. Ramage,
John Wesley Hunt: Pioneer Merchant, Manufacturer, and Financier
(Lexington, Ky, 1974), 41–55, 72–73; Charles P. Stanton,
Blue-grass Pioneers: A Chronicle of the Hunt and Morgan Families of Lexington, Kentucky
(2d ed., Brooklyn, N.Y., 1989), 6–15; Hunt-Morgan Papers, University of Kentucky, passim; John Wesley Hunt Papers, 1792–1849, Filson Club, Louisville, Kentucky.

43.
Perkins, “The Consumer Frontier,” 506; John G. Clark,
New Orleans, 1718–1812: An Economic History
(Baton Rouge, 1970), 213–14; Robertson,
Louisiana,
298–99.

44.
Bernard,
Talleyrand,
177–227; Isser Woloch,
Napoleon and His Collaborators: The Making of a Dictatorship
(New York, 2001), 9–35.

45.
George Rude,
The Crowd in the French Revolution
(New York, 1959), 95–98; Sidney W. Mintz,
Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History
(New York, 1985), 108–26.

46.
Robert Louis Stein,
The French Sugar Business in the Eighteenth Century
(Baton Rouge, 1985), ix-x, 166–67.

47.
Lyon, “Moustier’s Memoir,” 251–66; Lyon,
Louisiana in French Diplomacy,
79–98.

48.
Urquijo was chief minister from March 1798 through December 1800, when Manuel Godoy returned as the power behind the throne; Douglas Hilt,
The Troubled Trinity: Godoy and the Spanish Monarchs
(Tuscaloosa, 1987), 71–94, 112–18.

49.
Urquijo to the marquis de Musquiz, June 22, 1800, quoted in Lyon,
Louisiana in French Diplomacy,
104.

50.
Lyon,
Louisiana in French Diplomacy,
104–10.

51.
Ibid., 107–9.

52.
Schom,
Napoleon Bonaparte,
303–32; Lyon,
Louisiana in French Diplomacy,
108–11.

53.
Francois Barbé-Marbois,
The History of Louisiana; Particularly of the Cession of That Colony to the United States of America,
reprint of the 1830 Philadelphia edition with an introduction by E. Wilson Lyon (Baton Rouge, 1977), 200.

1.
John Stevens Cabot Abbott,
Napoleon at St. Helena; or, Interesting Anecdotes and Remarkable Conversations of the Emperor During the Five and a Half Years of His Captivity
(New York, 1855), 259, 592–93.

2.
State Papers and Correspondence,
16.

3.
William Vans Murray to John Quincy Adams, March 30, 1801, in Worthington C. Ford, ed., “Letters of William Vans Murray to John Quincy Adams,
Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year
1912 (Washington, D.C., 1914), 693; Peter P. Hill,
William Vans Murray, Federalist Diplomat: The Shaping of Peace with France, 1797–1801
(Syracuse, 1971).

4.
Douglas Hilt,
The Troubled Trinity: Godoy and the Spanish Monarchs
(Tuscaloosa, 1987), 117–19.

5.
E. Wilson Lyon,
Louisiana in French Diplomacy, 1789–1804
(Norman, Okla., 1934), 123–25.

6.
Evangeline Bruce,
Napoleon and Josephine: An Improbable Marriage
(New York, 1995), 192, 345; Jean Savant,
Napoleon in His Time
(New York, 1958), 157–58; Desmond Seward,
Napoleon’s Family
(London, 1986), 57–59.

7.
Savant,
Napoleon in His Time,
158; Alan Schom,
Napoleon Bonaparte
(New York, 1997), 342–43.

8.
Alexander DeConde,
This Affair of Louisiana
(New York, 1976), 100; Martin Ros,
Night of Fire: The Black Napoleon and the Battle for Haiti,
trans. Karin Ford-Treep (New York, 1994), 156; Leclerc’s instructions were dated October 31, 1801, Carl Ludwig Lokke, “The Leclerc Instructions,”
Journal of Negro History
10 (1925): 80–98; Jon Kukla, ed.,
A Guide to the Tapers of Pierre Clement Laussat, Napoleon’s Prefect for the Colony of Louisiana, and of General Claude Perrin Victor
(New Orleans, 1993), 159–63. Estimates of the initial strength of Leclerc’s forces vary; Robert L. Paquette, “Revolutionary Saint Domingue in the Making of Territorial Louisiana,” in David Barry Gaspar and David Patrick Geggus, eds., A
Turbulent Time: The French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean
(Bloomington, Ind., 1997), 204–25.

9.
Lokke, “Leclerc Instructions,” 89; Tobias Lear to James Madison, February 12, 1802,
Madison Tapers: State,
1: 463.

10.
Ros,
Night of Fire,
162; C. L. R. James,
The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L’Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution
(2d ed., New York, 1963), 284–88; Thomas O. Ott,
The Haitian Revolution, 1789–1804
(Knoxville, 1973).

11.
Tobias Lear to James Madison, February 28, 1802
(Madison Papers: State,
2: 499–524), provides a day-by-day account of the arrival of Leclerc’s expedition based on Lear’s diary.

12.
Ibid., 502–4.

13.
Ibid., 504–6.

14.
Lokke, “Leclerc Instructions,” 92–93, 98.

15.
Ibid., 94–95, 98.

16.
Ibid., 95–98; J. Christopher Herold,
The Mind of Napoleon
(New York, 1955), 189; see also Napoleon’s notes for a draft decree, April 27, 1802, in which his euphemisms for reinstituting slavery were “police regulations which will assign [unpropertied blacks] to landed proprietors as agricultural laborers … to prevent vagrancy and insubordination,” and “laws and regulations to which the blacks were subject in 1789 shall remain in force”; ibid., 187–88.

17.
James,
Black Jacobins,
317–18.

18.
Ibid., 323–24.

19.
Ibid., 325–29.

20.
Ibid., 333–35, 362–65; Ros,
Night of Fire,
203–12.

21.
James,
Black Jacobins,
334.

22.
Leclerc to Napoleon, August 6 and August 9, 1802, in James,
Black Jacobins,
343–45; Ros,
Night of Fire,
203.

23.
Leclerc to the minister of marine, Denis Decrès, August 25, 1802, in James,
Black Jacobins,
346; Lester D. Langley,
The Americas in the Age of Revolution, 1750–1850
(New Haven, 1996), 133.

24.
James,
Black Jacobins,
354–55.

25.
Ibid., 355; Langley,
Americas in the Age of Revolution,
131–35.

26.
James,
Black Jacobins,
360. Ros
(Night of Fire,
50) and others confuse the son, Donatien Marie Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau (1755–1813), and his father, Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de
Rochambeau (1725–1807); see Jean Edmund Weelen,
Rochambeau: Father and Son: A Life of Maréchal de Rochambeau and the Journal of the Vicomte de Rochambeau
(New York, 1936).

27.
Ros,
Night of Fire,
192–97; James,
Black Jacobins,
360–62, 369.

28.
David Patrick Geggus, “Slavery, War, and Revolution in the Greater Caribbean, 1789–1815,” in Gaspar and Geggus, eds.,
A Turbulent Time,
25.

29.
David Humphreys to James Madison, March 23, 1801; Rufus King to James Madison, March 29, 1801; William Vans Murray to James Madison, May 7, 1801,
Madison Papers: State,
1: 36, 55–56, 146 (emphasis in originals).

30.
James Madison to Alexander Hamilton, May 26, to James Monroe, June 1, and to Charles Pinckney, June 9, 1801; Rufus King to James Madison, November 10, 1801,
Madison Papers: State,
1: 228–29, 245, 274–75; 2: 254.

31.
Rufus King to James Madison,
Madison Papers: State,
1: 250–51.

32.
Ronald D. Smith, “Napoleon and Louisiana: Failure of the Proposed Expedition to Occupy and Defend Louisiana, 1801–1803,”
LH
12 (1971): 22, 26. Smith misdates Napoleon’s letter to Decrès; see Lyon,
Louisiana in French Diplomacy,
131.

33.
Smith, “Napoleon and Louisiana,” 28; Kukla,
Laussat Papers,
7–8, 24.

34.
Lyon,
Louisiana in French Diplomacy,
134–35; Kukla,
Laussat Papers,
59; “Secret Instructions for the Captain-General of Louisiana,” November 26, 1802, in Robertson,
Louisiana,
369, 371.

35.
Smith, “Napoleon and Louisiana,” 31–40; Lyon,
Louisiana in French Diplomacy,
137–44; Pierre Clement Laussat,
Memoirs of My Life,
trans. Sister Agnes-Josephine Pastwa, ed. Robert D. Bush (New Orleans, 1978), 3–4, 114–15; Kukla,
Laussat Papers,
164. Delayed from December 1 to January 10 while waiting the arrival of the
Surveillant
into the natural harbor of He d’Aix, Laussat identified his city of departure variously as the seaport of La Rochelle and the fortified city of Rochefort, twenty miles to the south.