Authors: Bruce Chadwick
40
. Klein, 296–299.
41
. Elbert Smith,
The Presidency of James Buchanan
(Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1975), 95.
42
. James Denver letter in the
National Intelligencer
, January 1, 1858.
43
.
New York Herald Tribune
, March 15, 1858; Leonard Richards,
The Slave Power: The Free North and Southern Domination
, 1780–1860 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press, 2000), 204.
44
. Moore,
Works
, X: 145–151.
45
. Buchanan to James Denver, March 27, 1858,
Works
, X: 339–370.
46
.
National Intelligencer
, December 9, 1857.
47
. Charles Sumner to Salmon Chase, September 18, 1857, Beverly Palmer, ed.,
The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner
, 2 vols. (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1990), 1:481–482.
48
. Charles Sumner to the Duchess of Arguyll, ibid., 1:497–498; David Donald,
Lincoln
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 203.
49
. Thaddeus Stevens quoted in the
Lancaster Intelligencer
, August 31, 1858.
50
. Salmon Chase to Gerrit Smith, March 30, 1858, John Niven, ed.,
Salmon P. Chase Papers
:
Correspondence, 1858–1863
, 4 vols. (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1996), 1: 8–10.
51
. Richards,
The Slave Power
, 208.
52
. James Buchanan to Joseph Baker, January 11, 1858, Moore,
Works
, X:176–177.
53
. Dunbar Rowland, ed.,
Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist: His Letters, Papers and Speeches
, 10 vols., (Jackson, Mississippi: Mississippi Department of Archives and History 1923) 3: 167–175.
54
. Smith, 38–40.
55
.
National Intelligencer
, January 16, 1858.
56
.
National Intelligencer
, 1858: December 6, 8, 28, 31.
57
. William Sherman to Ellen Sherman, September 25, 1858, Sherman Papers, Rutgers University.
58
.
National Intelligencer
, December 30, 1857.
59
. Leonard Richards,
The Slave Power: The Free North and Southern Domination, 1780–1860
(Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 2000), 1.
60
. Ada Sterling, ed.,
A Belle of the Fifties, Memoir of Mrs. Clay of Alabama, Covering Social and Political Life in Washington and in the South, 1853–1866
(New York, Doubleday, Page and Co., 1905, reprinted by DeCapo Press, 1969), 68.
61
. Clement Eaton,
Jefferson Davis
(New York: Free Press, 1977), 102–103.
62
. Dunbar Rowland, ed.,
Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist: His Letters, Papers and Speeches
, 10 vols., (Jackson, Mississippi: Mississippi Department of Archives and History 1923) 2:337.
63
. Edward Pollard,
Life of Jefferson Davis with a Secret History of the Southern Confederacy Gathered “Behind the Scenes in Richmond”
(Philadelphia: National Publishing Company, 1869), 33.
64
. Robert McElroy,
Jefferson Davis: The Unreal and the Real
(New York: Harper and Brothers, 1937), 178.
65
.
Macon Jeffersonian
, August 2, 1844.
66
. Hudson Strode,
Jefferson Davis: American Patriot
, 3 vols. (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., 1955), I: 301.
67
. Hudson Strode,
Jefferson Davis, American Patriot
, 1: 104.
68
. Jefferson Davis to William Howell, April 18, 1859, Rowland, 6: 246.
69
.
Sewanee Review
, 16 (1908), 412.
70
. Varina Howell Davis,
Jefferson Davis, Ex-President of the Confederate States of America: A Memoir
, 2 vols. (New York: Belford Publishing, 1890), 1: 176–177
71
.
Sewanee Review
16 (1908), 408.
72
. Rowland, 2:336.
73
. Jefferson Davis to Varina Howell, March 8, 1844, Hudson Strode,
Private Letters of Jefferson Davis
(New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1966), 18.
74
. Jefferson Davis to Varina Howell, Rowland, 2:705.
75
. Isabel Ross,
The First Lady of the South: The Life of Mrs. Jefferson Davis
(New York: Harper and Brothers, 1958), 6–12.
76
. Varina Davis,
Memoir
, I: 199.
77
. Eron Rowland, 346.
78
. David Donald,
Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960), 211.
79
. Elizabeth Ellett,
Queens of American Society
(New York: Charles Scribner’s and Company, 1867), 81.
80
. Gerry Van Der Heuvel,
Crowns of Thorns and Glory, Mary Todd Lincoln and Varina Howell Davis: the Two First Ladies of the Civil War
(New York: E.P. Dutton, 1988), 72.
81
. Ada Sterling, ed.,
A Belle of the Fifties: Memoirs of Mrs. Clay of Alabama
(New York: Doubleday, Page and Company, 1904), 134.
82
.
Vicksburg Sentinel
, July 21, 1846.
83
.
Lafayette (La.) Statesman
, June 26, 1850.
84
. Davis speech to Confederate Congress, April 29, 1861, in Edwin Roswenc, ed.,
The Causes of the American Civil War
(Boston: D.C. Heath and Co., 1961), 32; Davis speech in the Senate, February 13 and 14, 1850, Rowland, 1:286.
85
. Rowland 4: 61–88.
86
. William Davis,
Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour
(New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 280.
87
.
Monroe Democrat
, May 30, 1851.
88
. Ibid., 266.
89
. Jefferson Davis speech in the Senate, February 13 and 14, 1850, Rowland, 1:265.
90
. Ibid.
91
. Jefferson Davis to David Yulee, July 18, 1851, Rowland, 4:218.
92
. John Robbins,
Confederate Nationalism: Politics and Government in the Confederate South
(PhD dissertation, Rice University, 1964), 10.
93
. Jefferson Davis to Horatio Harris, April 17, 1851, Rowland, 4:179.
94
. Rowland, 2: 72–80.
95
. Frederick Blodi, ed.,
Herpes Simplex Infections of the Eye
(New York: Churchill Livingstone Company, 1984), 4–11.
96
. Varina Howell to Mrs. William Howell, January 30, 1846, Museum of the Confederacy Library.
97
. Ross,
The First Lady of the South
, 64–68.
98
. Franklin Pierce to Jefferson Davis, September 7, 1852, Rowland, 4:307–308.
99
. Jefferson Davis to Sam Cartwright, September 23, 1851, Rowland, 4:225.
100
. Robert McElroy,
Jefferson Davis: The Unreal and the Real
(New York, Harper and Brothers, 1937), 179.
101
. Alfred J. Mapp Jr.,
Frock Coats and Epaulets: The Men Who Led the Confederacy
(New York: Madison Books, 1982), 58.
102
. William Cooper Jr.,
Jefferson Davis: American
(New York: Alfred Knopf Jr., 2002), 288.
103
. Varina Davis,
Memoir
I: 575–576, William Davis,
Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour
, 261.
104
. Eron Rowland, 342.
105
. Nichols,
The Disruption of American Democracy
, 172–173.
106
. Davis in the
Congressional Globe
, 36
th
Congress, 1
st
session, 917.
107
. William Davis,
Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour
, 261.
108
. Seward friend and later enemy Horace Greeley always said he practiced “dexterity,” a phrase the
New York Tribune
editor enjoyed using, Richards, 5; Eron Rowland, 346.
109
. Glyndon Van Deusen,
William Henry Seward
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 260.
110
. Ross, 85.
111
. Gerry Van Der Heuvel,
Crown of Thorns and Glory: Mary Todd Lincoln and Varina Howell Davis: The Two First Ladies of the Civil War
(New York: E.P. Dutton, 1988), 75.
112
. Strode,
Jefferson Davis
, 1:301–303.
113
. John Taylor,
William Henry Seward: Lincoln’s Right Hand
(New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 122.
114
. Jefferson Davis to Franklin Pierce, April 1, 1858, Strode,
Jefferson Davis
, 1: 304.
115
. Strode,
Jefferson Davis
, 1:388.
116
. Ibid., 1:304.
117
.
Jackson (Mississippi) Observer and State Gazette
, June 9, 1858.
118
. Cass Canfield,
The Iron Will of Jefferson Davis
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1978), 34.
119
. Steven Woodworth,
Jefferson Davis and His Generals: the Failure of Confederate Command in the West
(Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1990), 14–15; Herman Hattaway and Richard Beringer,
Jefferson Davis: Confederate President
(Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1990), 22.
120
. Edward Pollard,
Life of Jefferson Davis, with a Secret History of the Southern Confederacy, Gathered “Behind the Scenes in Richmond”
(Philadelphia: National Publishing Company, 1869), 33.
121
. Strode,
Private Letters of Jefferson Davis
, 48.
122
. Robert Meade,
Judah P. Benjamin: Confederate Statesman
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1943), 115–117.
123
. William Davis,
Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour
(New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 171–172.
124
. Cass Canfield,
The Iron Will of Jefferson Davis
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1978), 34–35.
125
. Rowland, 3:274–281.
126
. Jefferson Davis to Independence Day Committee of Philadelphia, July 1, 1858, Rowland 3: 270–271.
127
.
Boston Post
, July 5, 1858, Rowland, 3: 271–274.
128
. Speech of Jefferson Davis to the Portland Convention, August 24, 1858, Rowland 3: 284–288.
129
. Speech of Jefferson Davis at Belfast Encampment, Rowland 3: 288–289.
130
.
Eastern (Maine) Argus
, September 29, 1858, Rowland 3: 305–315.
131
. William Cooper,
Jefferson Davis: American
(New York, Alfred Knopf, Jr., 2002), 292.
132
. Eron Rowland, 353.
133
. Ross, 85–86; Eron Rowland, 353–354.
134
. Ibid., 86–87; Varina Davis,
Memoir
, I:593–594.
135
. Davis’s speech at the Palace Gardens, New York, Oct. 19, 1858, Rowland, 3: 332–339.
136
. Ralph Richardson, “Jefferson Davis: Sectional Diplomat,” in Jeffrey Auer, ed.,
Anti-Slavery and Disunion, 1858–1861, Studies in the Rhetoric of Compromise and Conflict
(New York: Harper and Row, 1963), 52.
137
. McElroy,
Jefferson Davis: The Unreal and Real
, 186.
138
.
Charleston Mercury
, July 30, October 16, 1858.
139
. Letter to Davis from a Mr. Campbell, November 25, 1858, Rowland 3: 360–62.
140
.
Jackson Mississippian
, November 17, 1858.
141
. Davis speech in Vicksburg, November 16, 1858, Rowland 3: 339–360.
142
.
Montgomery Confederation
, December 22, 1858,
Oxford Mercury
, quoted in the
Jackson Mississippian
, December 1, 1858, Richardson, in Auer, 67–68.
143
. Buchanan Papers, Don Fehrenbacher,
The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 312.
144
. Kenneth Stampp,
America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 92–94.
145
. Report of the Decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in the Case of Dred Scott versus Sandford (New York: DeCapo Press, 1970), 13; Smith, 24–29.
146
. Klein, 269–271; Michael Birkner, ed.,
James Buchanan and the Political Crisis of the 1850s
, 115–116; Phillip Auchampaugh,
James Buchanan and His Cabinet on the Eve of Secession
(Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Privately printed, 1926), 30–31.
147
. Klein, 47.
148
. Fehrenbacher, 417–419; Stampp, 101.
149
. Fehrenbacher, 515; Stampp, 104.
150
. Abraham Lincoln senatorial nomination acceptance speech, June 16, 1858, 461–467, Lincoln speech at Galesburg, Ill., October 7, 1858, III: 27, 230–231, in McPherson,
The Battle Cry of Freedom
, 179–180.
151
. McPherson, 180.
152
.
Congressional Record
, 35
th
Congress, 1
st
Session, 941.
153
. Buchanan’s third message to Congress, December 17, 1859, Buchanan Papers.
154
. Douglas Southall Freeman,
Lee: A Biography
, 4 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1934–1935), 1:380n, from Lee’s 1858 diary, Virginia Historical Society, entries February 4, 8.
155
. Freeman, 1:82; Emory Thomas,
Robert E. Lee: A Biography
(New York: W.W. Norton, 1995), 145, 65; Walter Taylor,
General Lee: His Campaign in Virginia, 1861–1865, With Personal Reminiscences
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), 21–22; Paul Haynes description in Jones, 359.