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59
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1
.
National Intelligencer
, January 2, 1858.
2
. James McPherson,
The Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 190–191.
3
. Letter of anonymous army officer, November 3, 1857, in the
National Intelligencer
, December 9, 1857.
4
.
New York Herald Tribune
, January 1, 1858; Phillip Klein,
President James Buchanan: A Biography
(University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962), 316.
5
.
National Intelligencer
, December 3, 1857.
6
.
Chicago Press and Tribune
, January 4, 1858.
7
. McPherson,
The Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
, 156–157; Michael Holt, “Another Look at the Election of 1856,” in Michael Birkner,
James Buchanan and the Political Crisis of the 1850s
(Selingsgrove, Pa: Susquehanna University Press, 1996), 46–49.
8
. Kenneth Stampp,
America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 47.
9
. Paul Boller,
Presidential Anecdotes
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 118.
10
. James Buchanan to John Reynolds, February 22, 1821, Dickinsoniana, D.C., in Phillip Klein,
President James Buchanan: A Biography
(University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962), 141.
11
. Klein, 140. Klein was one of the few biographers of Buchanan who had a positive view of him. Most considered him inept and historian Michael Birkner called him “a disaster.”
12
. Comments of Elbert Smith in a conference at Franklin and Marshall College, September 21, 1991, “The Presidency of James Buchanan, A Reassessment,” in Michael Birkner,
James Buchanan and the Political Crisis of the 1850s
, 173.
13
. William Scarborough, ed.,
Diary of Edmund Ruffin
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1973), entry of February 17, 1857.
14
. Franklin Nichols,
The Disruption of American Democracy
(New York: Macmillan Co., 1948), 68–69.
15
. Kenneth Stampp’s comments in the Franklin and Marshall symposium, “The Presidency of James Buchanan, a Reassessment,” in Birkner,
James Buchanan and the Political Crisis of the 1850s
(Selingsgrove, Pennsylvania: Susquehanna University Press, 1996), 174–175.
16
. Buchanan to Lewis Cass, February 21, 1857, Buchanan Papers, Firestone Library, Princeton University, microfilm.
17
. Buchanan to Henry Wise, December 2, 1856, Buchanan Papers.
18
. John Forney,
Anecdotes of Public Men
(New York: Harper and Brothers, 1881), 2 vols., 1:74.
19
. Jeremiah Black to Howell Cobb, April 30, 1857, Cobb Papers, University of Georgia, in Klein, 285.
20
. Michael Birkner,
James Buchanan and the Political Crisis of the 1850s
(Selingsgrove, Pennsylvania: Susquehanna University Press, 1996), 21.
21
. John Forney,
Anecdotes of Public Men
(New York: Harper and Brothers, 1881), 2 vols., 1: 65, 62.
22
. James Buchanan to Lord Clarendon, March 27, 1858, John Moore, ed.,
The Works of James Buchanan
, 12 vols., (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1908–1911), 10:199–200.
23
. James Buchanan to Arnold Plumer, Buchanan Papers, Princeton University.
24
. Annie Buchanan’s letter on the president’s death, George Ticknor Curtis,
The Life of James Buchanan
,
Fifteenth President of the United States
(Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1969), II: 676.
25
. William C. Davis,
Breckinridge: Statesman, Soldier, Symbol
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1974), 181.
26
. Stanley Kimmel,
Mr. Lincoln’s Washington
(New York: Coward-McCann Inc., 1957), 173; Franklin Nichols,
The Disruption of American Democracy
(New York: MacMillan Co., 1948) 52–77.
27
. James Buchanan to William Marcy, February 15, 1856, Moore,
Works
, 10:49.
28
. James Sundquist,
Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Re-Alignment of Political Parties in the United States
(Washington, DC: Brookings Institute, 1983), 52–53; James Buchanan, speech at Wheatland, November 6, 1856, Moore,
Works
, 10: 96 –98.
29
. James Buchanan to Joshua Bates, November 6, 1856, Moore,
Works
10: 98–99.
30
. Ibid.; Nichols, 73.
31
. A. A. Woldman,
Lincoln and the Russians
(Cleveland: World Publishing, 1952), 18.
32
.
National Intelligencer
, December 7, 1857.
33
.
National Intelligencer
, December 25, 1857.
34
.
National Intelligencer
, December 28, 1857.
35
.
New York Herald Tribune
, January 5, 1858.
36
. Elbert Smith,
The Presidency of James Buchanan
(Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1975), 14–15.
37
. Ibid., 302.
38
. James Buchanan to James Denver, March 27, 1858, Moore,
Works
, X: 200–202.
39
. Alexander Stephens to Thomas Thomas, June 16, 1856, “Correspondence of Robert Toombs, Alexander Stephens and Howell Cobb,” Annual report of the American Historical Association (1911), 2:372.