Year 501 (56 page)

39
.
CAR
, Nov. 22,1991;
Economist
, July 20, 1991; Freed,
LAT
, May 7, 1990. Shelley Emling,
WP
, Jan. 6, 1992. Gramajo refused to respond to the Court charges and was found guilty by default of massive human rights violations; the plaintiffs were awarded over $10 million in damages—symbolic, doubtless.

40
. See
PI
, Lect. I;
DD
, ch.1. Generally, see Kolko,
Confronting
. Schoultz,
Human
Rights
, 7.

41
. Jackson,
Century
. Zwick,
Mark Twain's Weapons
; 190, 162. Hassett and Lacey,
Towards a Society
;
DD
, ch. 12.
Economist
, Dec. 21, 1991. Las casas, cited by Todorov,
Conquest
, 245.

Notes to Chapter 2

1
. For details and sources, see
TTT, PI, DD
. Kennan and other documents,
TTT
, ch. 2.2,
PI
, Lect. I.

2
. Green,
Containment
, VII.2. See ch. 7.1, below.

3
. Cumings,
Origins
, 172-3. On the contempt for Japan's prospects, see
DD
, 337-8.
Ibid
., ch. 6 and “Afterword,” on the Middle East; and
TNCW
, ch. 8. British and Dulles, Stivers,
Supremacy
, 28, 34;
America's Confrontation
, 20f.

4
.
DD
, 49-51, 27; and generally.

5
.
Ibid
., 259;
TTT
, 270;
COT
, 219-221;
NI
, 71-2. Kissinger,
TTT
, 67-8.

6
.
DD
, 395. Russell,
Practice and Theory
, 68.

7
. Gleijeses,
Shattered Hope
, 365.
Foreign Relations of the United States
, 1952-1954, Vol. IV, 1131ff.; no other evidence was cited. The Attorney-General invoked “self-defense and self-preservation” to justify the blockade imposed in violation of international law. Memorandum of NSC discussion, May 27, 1954.

8
.
APNM
, 33ff.;
TNCW
, 67-9, 89-90.

9
. Friedman,
NYT
, July 7, 1991. Iraqi democrats,
DD
, ch. 6.4, “Afterword,” sec. 4, and earlier articles in
Z magazine
.

10
. Friedman,
NYT
, June 24; Haberman,
NYT
, June 28, 1992; see Nabeel Abraham,
Lies of Our Times
, Sept. 1992. On US-vs.-peace process, and background, see
DD
, “Afterword”; for an ongoing record,
TNCW, FTR, NI
. On official PC, see Herman,
Decoding Democracy
.

11
. Eisenhower quoted by Richard Immerman (Summer 1990). John Foster Dulles, Telephone Call to Allen Dulles, June 19, 1958, “Minutes of telephone conversations of John Foster Dulles and Christian Herter,” Eisenhower Library, Abilene KA.

12
. Leffler,
Preponderance
, 258, 90-1.
TNCW
, chs. 8, 11;
DD
, chs. l, 6, 8, 11. Frank Costigliola, in Paterson,
Kennedy's Quest
. On Japan, see Schaller,
American Occupation
. See references of n. 16.

13
. Leffler,
Preponderance
, 71. Jeffrey-Jones,
CIA
, 51. Pisani,
CIA
, 106-7. See ch. 1.2, above. Nicaraguan election,
MC, NI
, DD. DD, ch. 11 on US and Italy, in the context of the broader struggle to deter the threat of democracy in the industrial societies after World War II.

14
. Pisani,
CIA
, 114f., 91f. Chace,
NYT Magazine
, May 22, 1977. On racist attitudes towards the “wops” in both the intemal and public record, see
DD
, chs. 1.4, 11.5.

15
. Stimson; Kolko,
Politics
, 471. Wood,
Dismantling
, 193, 197 (citing Woodward, personal letter; Dreier,
The Organization of the American States
(1962)). Pastor,
Condemned
, 32, his emphasis.

16
. Leffler,
Preponderance
, 165. For earlier discussion of these matters, see among others
AWWA
, introduction; essays by Gabriel Kolko, Richard Du Boff, and John Dower in
PP
V;
FRS
, 31ff. Important recent studies include Borden,
Pacific Alliance
; Schaller,
American Occupation
; Rotter,
Path to Vietnam
. Leffler's very useful study, summarizing much recent work and adding significant new information, places this thinking within the general matrix of Truman era planning. Recent scholarship largely confirms and extends the pioneering work of Gabriel and Joyce Kolko 20-25 years ago. For a partial update, see Kolko,
Confronting
. See also
DD
, chs. 1, 11, and sources cited.

17
. South Commission,
Challenge
, 216ff., 71f., 287.

18
. Kissinger,
American Foreign Policy
; Leffler,
Preponderance
, 17, 449, 463.

19
.
Ibid
., 282f.

20
.
Ibid
., 284, 156. Acheson, Kennan, cited by Gaddis,
Strategies
, 76.

21
. Leffler,
Preponderance
, 117, 119.
DD
, ch.11. On “aggression,” see
FRS
, 114f.

22
. Costigliola, in Paterson,
Kennedy's Quest
, quoting Theodore Sorenson; also George Ball. Wachtel,
Money Mandarins
, 64f. On Kennedy and Vietnam, see
RC
. On the impact of “international military Keynesianism” after the failure of the aid programs, see particularly Borden,
Pacific Alliance
;
DD
, ch. 1, for other sources and comment.

23
. Garthoff,
Détente
, 487f.

24
. Excerpts,
NYT
, March 8; Patrick Tyler,
NYT
, March 8, 11; Barton Gellman,
WP
Weekly
, March 16-22, 1992.

25
. Patrick Tyler,
NYT
, May 24, 1992. Frederick Kempe, “U.S., Bonn Clash Over Pact with France;”
WSJ
, May 27, 1992.

26
. See
DD
, introduction. Christopher Bellamy,
International Affairs
, July 1992.

27
. Strange,
International Economic Relations of the Western World
(1976), cited in Wachtel,
Money Mandarins
, 79; 137, on profitability.

28
.
Ibid
. Du Boff,
Accumulation
,153f.; Calleo,
Imperious Economy
, 63, 116, 75.

29
. See particularly Rand,
Making Democracy Safe
; and on the effects, my 1977 article reprinted in
TNCW
, ch. 11; also ch. 2.
DD
, ch. 6.1. See also Yergin,
Prize
.

30
. See
DD
, 98, on capital flow.

31
.
NI
, 84f., App. IV.4.
DD
, ch. 6, “Afterword,” sec. 5; my essay in Peters,
Collateral
. UNESCO, Preston et al.,
Hope & Folly
.

32
.
TTT
, ch.5, and sources cited;
NI
, ch. 1.
LAT, Extra!
(FAIR), July/August 1992, the six months before the April 1992 Rodney King verdict. Maynes, editor,
Foreign
Policy
, Summer 1990.

33
. G. Rees, Alain Besançon,
Encounter
, Dec. 1976, June 1980.

34
. See below, ch.7;
DD
, ch.7. Nancy Wright,
Multinational Monitor
, April 1990, cited in Gar Alperovitz and Kai Bird,
Diplomatic History
, Spring 1992. See also James Petras,
Monthly Review
, May 1992.

35
. Fitzgerald,
Between
. Foreign staff, “US and Japan shy from investing in UK,”
FT
, Sept. 25, 1992.

36
. Marc Fisher, “Why Are German Workers Striking? To Preserve Their Soft Life,”
WP
service,
IHT
, May 4; Andrew Fisher,
FT
, May 20; Christopher Parkes,
FT
; Kevin Done,
FT
, Sept. 24 (GM);
FT
, June 4, 1992. Elaine Bernard, “The Defeat at Caterpillar,” ms. Harvard Trade Union Program, May 1992.

37
. Sexton,
War on Labor
, 83f. See ch.11, below.

38
. Barnaby Feder,
NYT
, May 25, 1992.

39
. Jim Stanford, “Going South: Cheap Labour as an Unfair Subsidy in North American Free Trade,” Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, Dec. 1991; Andrew Reding,
World Policy Journal
, Summer 1992. Edward Goldsmith, Mark Ritchie,
The Ecologist
, Nov./Dec. 1990; Watkins,
Fixing
, 103-4. Brief amicus curiae of Government of Canada, US Court of Appeals, “Corrosion Proof Fittings, et al., vs. EPA and William K. Riley,” May 22, 1990. See ch. 3, n. 43.

40
. “Drug war” and media,
DD
, ch. 4; ch. 7, on comparative study. Jonathan Kaufman,
BG
, May 26, 1992.

41
. Bob Hohler,
BG
, May 26, 1992.

42
. “Interview,”
Multinational Monitor
, May 1992.

43
. Reding,
op. cit
.

44
. Rose Gutfeld,
WSJ
, May 27, 1992.

45
. Arthur MacEwan,
Socialist Review
, July-Dec. 1991; Du Boff,
Accumulation
; World Bank,
Global Economic Prospects and the Developing Countries 1992
, cited by Doug Henwood,
Left Business Observer
, No. 54, Aug. 4, 1992; Watkins,
Fixing
, 5, 24.

46
. World Bank, in
Trócaire Development Review
(Catholic Agency for World Development, Dublin, 1990); Chakravarti Raghavan and Martin Khor,
Third World Economics
(Penang), March 16-31, 1991;
Economist
, April 25, 1992; Watkins,
Fixing
, 75, 49, 64; Frances Williams,
FT
, June 11, 1992; Kent Jones,
Fletcher Forum
, Winter 1992. On Reaganite protectionism, see
DD
, ch. 3; and for extensive detail, Bhagwati and Patrick,
Aggressive Unilateralism
; Bovard,
Fair Trade Fraud
.

47
. George Graham,
FT
, Sept. 25; Nancy Dunne,
FT
, Sept. 24, 1992.

48
. Wachtel,
Money Mandarins
, 146; Greider,
Secrets
, 521f.
FT
, May 16/17, 1992.

49
.
Economist
, May 16; Jonathan Hicks,
NYT
, March 31, 1992.