Women After All: Sex, Evolution, and the End of Male Supremacy (57 page)

Nayar (people), 183

Nazis, 207

Neanderthals, 123, 142–43

violence in, 160

Nepal, 126

New England Journal of Medicine
, 35

New Guinea, 43, 147, 151

New Iberia Research Center, 93

New Jersey, 269

Newman, Leslie, 61

New York, N.Y., 189

New York State, 261, 269

New York Times
, 217, 276, 281, 284, 285, 296

New Zealand, 190

New Zealand mud snails, 59

Nguyen, Hannah-Hanh, 262

Niger, 255

Nigeria, 257

Nineteenth Amendment, 191

Nisa, 137, 139–40, 222

Nisa: The Life and Words of a !Kung Woman
(Shostak), 132

nitric oxide, 64

Nobel Prizes, 208

Normark, Benjamin, 59

North Carolina, 267–68

Northwest Coast Indians, 148–49, 161

Norway, 236, 237, 262, 287

#NotAllMen, 296

“Note on the Division of Labor by Sex, A” (Brown), 157–58

Not for Sale, 258

NSA (no strings attached) sex, 221

Nubia, 161

nuclear transfer, 297–98

Nuer (people), 170–71

nurturance, 29, 200, 203, 212

Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane, 208

Nyad, Diana, 207

Obama, Barack, 235, 278

O’Connor, Sandra Day, 211

octopus, 56

Odysseus, 98

Ohio, 261

Oil States International, 233

Oliver Twist
(Dickens), 178

One Billion Rising, 250–51

one-celled creatures, 57

one-child policy, 240

operational sex ratio, 110, 130

Opie, Christopher, 184

“Optimal Number of Fathers, The” (Hrdy), 100, 127

orangutans, 106–7, 122

orb weavers, 55

Orchid Project, 251–52

organized violence, 146, 159–60

Origin of Species, The
(Darwin), 50–51, 69–70

Ornamentation (ornaments), 78, 82–83, 86, 97, 125, 138

Orthodox Jews, 270

ostracism, 138

Ostrom, Elinor, 208

ovulation, 62, 67, 113, 300

ovulatory cycles, 124–30

see also
menstrual cycles

owls, 87

oxytocin, 92, 94, 213

Paglia, Camille, 11, 119, 169, 211

pair-bonding, 74–76, 79, 82, 92, 100, 128, 131, 180, 182–83

see also
monogamy

Pakistan, 251, 257

Palagi, Elisabetta, 116

Palestine, 147

palmate newts, 79

parasites, 53, 57, 71, 78

parental investment, 80, 85, 86–87, 131–32, 174, 182

among mammals, 86

sexual selection and, 72–73

and twin survival, 100–101

“Parental Investment and Sexual Selection” (Trivers), 72

Parental Sex Typing of Newborns (PASTON) Scale, 201

Parga, Joyce, 107

parrot fishes, 66

parthenogenesis (“parths”), 47–48, 62–64

see also
reproduction, asexual

Parthenon, 47, 156

partible paternity
, 127, 183

paternity, 106, 127, 140, 152, 289

patriarchy, 11, 155

Patroklos, 163

Paul, 181

Paul, Patricia, 175

PBS NewsHour
, 288

peacocks, 76–78, 82, 128

peahens, 77–78

pecking order, 103

Peletz, Michael, 152, 153

Pelosi, Nancy, 211

Penelope, 98

penis, 21, 24, 27, 30–36, 46, 60–62, 89–90, 97, 244, 246

envy, 200

Penner, Andrew, 262

Persian language, 20

Personality and Social Psychology Review
, 223

personal pronouns, 19–20

Peru, 248

Petersen, Jennifer, 224

Petrie, Marion, 77

phalaropes, 85

Phytologia; or, The Philosophy of Agriculture and Gardening
(Erasmus Darwin), 49

Picho, Katherine, 262

pine voles, 93

Pinker, Steven, 179–80, 275

Piperno, Dolores, 143

Pisani, Elizabeth, 244, 246

“Plan for Improving Female Education” (Willard), 189

platypus, 87

Plavcan, Michael, 123

play, 29–30, 36, 41, 66, 94, 103, 114, 117–18, 201–5, 212, 274

plow, 155, 175

polar body, 46

politics, 7, 11, 130, 148–49, 159, 174–75, 199, 230, 233, 236–37, 255, 277–83

gender gap, 278–80

Pol Pot, 271

polyamory, 301, 303

polyandry, 97–98, 100, 122, 125–27, 128, 166, 183, 304

polygamy, 152

polygyny, 123, 125–26, 127–28, 166–67, 168–69, 181–83, 185, 210, 304

good genes hypothesis and, 128–29

reproductive success and, 167–68

women’s status and, 169

“Pop Culture of Sex, The: An Evolutionary Window on the Worlds of Pornography and Romance” (Salmon), 226

population density, 125, 130, 142–43, 145, 161, 174

population growth, 145–51, 155, 159, 195

Population Reference Bureau, 240

pornography, 224, 225–26, 279, 292

potlatches, 148

poverty (the poor), 12, 65, 153, 155, 175–76, 242–43, 253–55, 273, 278

Powhatan, 168

practical polygyny, 185

pragmatic polyandry, 126

prairie voles, 92–93

praying mantises, 26, 54, 55–56, 76, 302

predation, 212

prefrontal cortex, 117, 229

pregnancy, 14, 27, 29, 67, 76, 86, 101, 113, 127, 130–32, 140, 143, 151, 207, 213, 235, 247, 298, 301

prejudice (out-group), 5, 15, 214–16

prenatal androgen exposure, 29–31, 228

Pride and Prejudice
(Austen), 187–88

primates, 85, 93, 95–100, 102–8, 124, 132, 213, 274, 301

male sexual force in, 105–6

monogamy in, 183–85

see also specific primates

primroses, 47

privacy, 133

private vs. public spheres, 15, 142, 144, 149, 151, 155, 159, 173–74, 192, 232, 292

professional schools, 191, 234

progesterone, 27, 62, 64, 213

Project PREVENT, 259–60

prolactin, 67, 213

promiscuity, 6, 89, 100, 111

prosimians, 95–98, 107, 301

see also specific prosimians

prostitutes, 157, 169, 170–71, 176, 181, 187, 222, 226–27, 267–68

prostitution, 177, 178, 225, 244–45, 256–58, 269

see also
sex workers

Protected Innocence Challenge, 261

proteins, 57, 87

Provost, Caterina, 158

Prüfer, Kay, 112

pseudoestrus, 113

pseudohermaphrodite, 24

“pseudosex,” 62–64

“psychosexual neutrality at birth,” 28, 200

puberty, 20, 28–29, 32, 35–36, 107, 114, 137, 200, 204, 213, 223, 228

testosterone and, 35

Punjammies, 258

Pusey, Anne, 108

pyramids, 154–56

Quick, Becky, 217

Qur’an, 166

racial bias, 215–16

ragged robin, 50

Ralls, Katherine, 85, 86, 87, 88

Rankin, Jeannette, 191

rape, 105–6, 169–72, 177, 179, 218–19, 222, 227, 232, 237, 247–51, 258, 296

gang, 247–48

as genocide, 271–72

in India, 247–48, 249

marital, 250

in U.S., 250

“rape culture,” 250

rats, 29, 81, 212

red-bellied lemur, 96

red deer, 83, 122

“red dress effect,” 125

Red Queen hypothesis, 52, 64

red-tipped flatworms, 60–61

Regnerus, Mark, 221

Reiner, William, 30–31

religion, 36, 135, 149, 155–56, 159, 162, 165–66, 170, 171, 175, 176, 241, 242, 252, 258, 264, 271, 272, 296

reproduction, asexual, 14, 47, 50, 58–59, 63–64

see also
parthenogenesis

reproduction, sexual, 47–48, 49–50, 51–52, 120–21, 300

Red Queen hypothesis and, 52, 64

“tangled bank” hypothesis and, 50–51, 64

Republicans, 278

Return to Nisa
(Shostak), 132

Richard, Alison, 108

Richards, Ann, 283

Richards, Audrey, 153

Riehl, Simone, 146

Rilling, James, 116

ringdoves, 80, 81

ring-tailed lemurs, 106–7

risk taking, 168, 212, 289

Rissman, Emilie, 81–82

RNA, 57

Robbers Cave Experiment, 214–15

rock and roll, 196

Rogers, Ginger, 208

Roman Catholic Church, 270

romance fiction, 226

Rome, ancient, 156, 181, 185, 187

Romeo and Juliet
(Shakespeare), 186

Rosaldo, Michelle, 141

Rosaldo, Renato, 160

roseate tern, 79–80

Rosenbluth, Frances, 279–80

“Rosie the Riveter,” 195

Rosin, Hanna, 231, 232

Rossi, Alice, 230

Rossi, Peter, 230

rough-and-tumble play, 29, 30

Ruigrok, Amber, 229

“runaway selection,” 78

Rwanda, 271, 291

Ryan, Ann Marie, 262

Rydell, Robert, 265

Sacher, Julia, 229

Saint-Jean-d’Angélie, 19

St. John, Jill, 217

salmon, 70, 148

Salmon, Catherine, 226

Samson, 196–97

Sandberg, Sheryl, 304

San Diego, Calif., 268

Sanger, Margaret, 191

Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue, 108

Sawyer, Dianne, 283

Scheidel, Walter, 181

schizophrenia, twins and, 39, 40

Schlegel, Alice, 204

Schneider, Jutta, 55

seahorses, 66–67, 76

sea squirt, 52

Second Sex, The
(de Beauvoir), 7

second-wave feminism, 15, 232

Secret Service, 267

“selective surrender,” 61

self-segregation, 204

Sellen, Daniel, 169

semangat
, 152

Sen, Amartya, 240

Senate, U.S., 232, 233, 235, 267, 281, 282–83

Seneca Falls, N.Y., 190

Senegal, 252–53

sepsis, 242

serial monogamy, 126, 210

Setchell, Joanna, 79

sex, 47–48, 50

competitions during, 61–62

cost of, 50

evolution of, 9–10

Paglia’s view on, 119

Sex and Friendship in Baboons
(Smuts), 104

“Sex and Violence in Hermaphrodites” (Newman and Michiels), 61

sex chromosomes, 25–27

sex determination technologies (SDTs), 240

sex differences, 14, 206–16

biology and, 14, 16

culture and, 13–14

sex drive, 211, 217, 223–24, 227, 229, 301

sex hormones, 29

“Sex in the Dark,” 97

“Sex on Campus: She Can Play That Game, Too” (Taylor), 217–18

sex ratios, 110, 130, 221–22, 239–41

sex scandals, 8, 250, 267–70

sex trafficking, 178, 256–57

sexual abuse, 257–61, 267, 270

sexual behavior:

casual sex in, 217–24, 279

fantasy in, 224–25

sexual cannibalism, 54–57

sexual development, 24, 25–26

see also
prenatal androgenization, puberty

sexual dimorphism, 122–23, 124, 130, 206–16

“Sexual Economics” (Baumeister & Vohs), 226

sexually transmitted disease, 225

Sexual Personae
(Paglia), 11, 119, 211

sexual revolution, 196, 222–23

sexual selection, 48, 69–70, 71–75, 79, 85

consequences of, 69–70

female choice in, 81–82, 86, 89, 90–91, 92

“handicap principle” in, 78

ornamentation and size in, 83–84, 87

parental investment and, 72–73

“runaway selection” in, 78

sexual slavery, 178, 179, 258–61

sexual violence, 179–80

see also
rape

“Sex with Knockout Models” (Rissman), 81–82

sex workers, 244–45, 255–56

see also
prostitutes

“sexy sons” hypothesis, 78

Shaffer, Emily, 262

Shaheen, Jeanne, 283

Shakespeare, William, 187

SHAKTI (Stopping HIV/AIDS Through Knowledge and Training Initiative), 255–56

Shang dynasty, 157

Shared Hope International, 261

sharing, 110, 114, 138

Shechem, 164

Sheen, Charlie, 227

Shnitzer Steel, 233

Shostak, Marjorie, 132, 137, 140, 222

Sibley, Lynn, 242–43

Sierra Leone, 241

Silk, Joan, 108

single-parent families, 65, 106, 299–300

single-sex schools, 263–64

slave capture, 176

slavery, 99, 148–49, 155, 170, 178–79, 181, 256–57, 258, 272

sexual, 155, 169–70, 176, 178–79, 180, 185, 256–61

slaves, 49, 98, 156, 160, 174, 177, 187, 190, 231, 257

Small, Meredith, 108

Smeding, Annique, 263

Smith, John Maynard, 48

Smuts, Barbara, 102, 103, 104–5, 108

Smuts, Robert, 105

social compassion, 278–79

social complexity, and women’s status, 175

social stratification, 7, 11, 125, 154–57, 159, 175, 181

see also
male dominance

social intelligence, 96

social monogamy, 183

social services, 278–79

society, 159

Söderberg, Patrik, 161

solidarity lending, 255

Solmit, Rebecca, 295–96

Solomon, King, 165

South Africa, 246, 249

South Carolina, 269

South Korea, 236, 240–41

Sparta, 187

Spencer, Susan, 288–89

sperm, 25–26, 58, 65, 297, 298

sperm counts, 298–99

Sphinx, 156

spider monkeys, 105–6

sports, 273–74

Srebenica, 271

Sri Lanka, 241–43, 254

stag-beetles, 70

Stalin, Joseph, 179

Stanford, Craig, 110

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 4–5, 190, 228, 231, 272–73, 275, 277–78, 305

Starkweather, Katherine, 126

State Department, U.S., 256

state terrorism, 177

Steele, Claudia, 262

Steffens, Melanie, 263

Steffensmeier, Darrell, 290

Steinem, Gloria, 217

STEM fields, 262–66

step pyramids, 156

stereotype threat, 262–66

Steubenville, Ohio, 250

Stevens, Alexandra McLean, 96

Stewart, Martha, 270

Stiner, Mary, 142, 143

stone tools, 129

Story, Susan, 233

Strassman, Beverly, 169

Strier, Karen, 108