When They Come for Us, We'll Be Gone: The Epic Struggle to Save Soviet Jewry (91 page)

[>]
 "
Does anyone have":
Sharansky,
Fear No Evil,
xv.
Lunts was a:
Author interview with Lunts.
Starting in 1972:
Description of seminar origins and
Jews in the USSR
from author interviews with Voronel and Lunts.

[>]
 "
a form of getting":
From "Jewish Samizdat," essay by Alexander Voronel in Ro'i and Beker, eds.,
Jewish Culture,
257.
"
those who are critical": Jews in the USSR
was translated into English and published as a pamphlet.
They jokingly called:
Information on the Hong Wei Bing from author interviews with Einbinder, Lunts, and Sharansky.

[>]
 "
I'm writing to you":
Quoted in Gilbert,
Shcharansky,
64.

[>]
 
Dina Beilin had:
Biographical information on Beilin (sometimes referred to as Beilina) and details of refusenik lists from author interview with Dina Beilin.

[>]
 "
in
1973–74": Memorandum from Andropov to CPSU Central Committee in Morozov,
Documents,
214–15.
Typically, a check:
Details of money transfer from the West from author interviews with Beilin and Slepak.

[>]
 
A tiny, bespectacled:
Biographical information on Nudel from author interview with her; Nudel,
A Hand in the Darkness.

[>]
 
This is just what:
Details of Lunts's KGB experiment from author interviews with Lunts, Slepak, Voronel, Prestin, and Abramovich.
In early 1975:
Author interview with Abramovich.

[>]
 "
For us, the central":
Toth, "Split Among."

[>]
 
And they did:
The Western visitor was Joseph Smukler, whose efforts to mediate are detailed in Potok,
Gates of November,
188.

[>]
 
This new agreement:
Details of Helsinki process from Korey,
Promises We Keep;
Goldberg,
Final Act.

[>]
 "
No one should":
Christopher Wren, "Brezhnev, at Parley, Sees Bar to Dictating to Others,"
New York Times,
August 1, 1975.
"
divisiveness, disorganization":
Quoted in Hans J. Morgenthau, "A Russian Tells Us How to Treat Russia,"
New York Times,
November 9, 1975.

[>]
 
Just a few weeks after: Izvestia,
September 3, 1975.
"
In a convincing":
"Sakharov Named Winner of '75 Nobel Peace Prize,"
New York Times,
October 19, 1975.
Sakharov was cursed:
David K. Shipler, "Soviet Calls Sakharov a Judas, Nobel Prize '30 Pieces of Silver,'"
New York Times,
October 29, 1975.

[>]
 "
Every time the Soviet":
Quoted in Gilbert,
Shcharansky,
93.
Then, in March of 1976:
Origins of Moscow Helsinki Watch described in Goldberg,
Final Act,
33–41; Orlov,
Dangerous Thoughts,
188–92; Rubenstein,
Soviet Dissidents,
217–35.
Orlov was a small:
Biographical material on Orlov from Orlov,
Dangerous Thoughts;
Rubenstein,
Soviet Dissidents,
215–17.

[>]
 "
We should stop":
Sharansky and Dermer,
Case for Democracy,
128.
The group, Orlov:
Orlov,
Dangerous Thoughts,
191.

[>]
 "
The Group's information":
Goldberg,
Final Act,
90.

[>]
 
The task of reproducing:
Author interview with Ludmilla Alexeyeva.
Shcharansky's celebrity: A Calculated Risk
was part of a series called World in Action; it was produced by Granada and aired on ITV.

[>]
 
He denied any:
Shindler,
Exit Visa,
196.

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 "
I have read with great":
Ibid., 197.
Dina Beilin, the keeper:
Description of Chernobilsky and Ash defense from author interview with Dina Beilin.
"
It's unprecedented":
David K. Shipler, "2 Moscow Jews Who Faced Prison Up to Five Years for Protests Are Released as First Offenders and Family Men,"
New York Times,
November 16, 1976.

[>]
 
A lanky, athletic man:
Biographical information on Prestin from author interview with him.
"
When people who":
Azbel,
Refusenik,
420.

[>]
 
In 1975, Prestin:
Biographical information on Fain from author interview with him; Fain,
Yesh Me-Ayin.
Together, Prestin and Fain:
Details of
kulturniki
activity, including planning of the symposium, from author interviews with Prestin, Abramovich, and Fain; Fain,
Yesh Me-Ayin.

[>]
 
Lerner conceded the:
Lerner's lecture in Drachman,
Challenging the Kremlin,
292–303.

[>]
 
When the camera zoomed: Traders of Souls
is described in Gilbert,
Shcharansky,
163. "
These people are":
Ibid.

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 "
There is always":
Robert C. Toth, "Soviet Jews in 9 Cities Claim Official Drive Is Fostering 'Pogrom Atmosphere,'"
Los Angeles Times,
February 3, 1977.
Shcharansky filed:
Gilbert,
Shcharansky,
164.
It was hard:
Demise of the Moscow Helsinki Watch described in Goldberg,
Final Act,
210–34; Orlov,
Dangerous Thoughts,
205–24; Rubenstein,
Soviet Dissidents,
233–35.
"
I would like to be":
Recounted in author's interview with Ludmilla Alexeyeva and in Alexeyeva and Goldberg,
Thaw Generation,
292.

[>]
 
A kindly, soft-spoken:
Biographical information on Sanya Lipavsky from Gilbert,
Shcharansky,
174–80.
Only after his betrayal:
Author interview with Dina Beilin.
Lipavsky's story was:
The origins of Lipavsky's connections to the KGB remained a mystery until 1979, when David Shipler encountered a man in Israel, a former prosecutor from Uzbekistan, who told him the story; Shipler wrote it up in an article called "Shcharansky Case: An Emigre's Version,"
New York Times,
December 17, 1979.

[>]
 "
It was not easy":
Goldberg,
Final Act,
236.
Shcharansky was fingered:
Gilbert,
Shcharansky,
171.
"
Today I talked":
Vitaly Rubin's diary was made available to me by his wife, Inna. This passage was in Goldberg,
Final Act,
242.

[>]
 "
They're nervous":
Sharansky,
Fear No Evil,
6.

10. The Shaming

[>]
 
Martin Garbus, an American:
Visit by Garbus is described in Sakharov,
Memoirs,
686.

[>]
 "
I received your letter":
Christopher'S. Wren, "Sakharov Receives Carter Letter Affirming Commitment on Rights,"
New York Times,
February 18, 1977.
"
I said in a congratulatory":
Ibid.
As Carter put it:
Charles Mohr, "Carter Suggests That U.S. Foster Rights Overseas,"
New York Times,
September 9, 1976.

[>]
 
As one anonymous:
Bernard Gwertzman, "U.S. Asserts Prague Violates Covenants About Human Rights; Helsinki Agreement Is Cited,"
New York Times,
January 27, 1977. "
Any attempt by the Soviet":
"U.S. Cautions Soviet on Sakharov Curbs,"
New York Times,
January 27, 1977.

[>]
 
Millicent Fenwick had:
Biographical information on Fenwick from Schapiro,
Millicent Fenwick.
One night a group:
Ibid., 170–72.

[>]
 "
To know the pain":
Christopher'S. Wren, "House Delegation Sees Soviet Jews,"
New York Times,
August 11, 1975.
It was Wren:
Visit to Orlov described in Schapiro,
Millicent Fenwick,
168–70.
Within a month:
Creation of the Helsinki Commission in Korey,
Promises We Keep,
21–43; Goldberg,
Final Act,
59–64.

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As Case put it:
Korey,
Promises We Keep,
24.
"
They and we":
Goldberg,
Final Act,
60.

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The administration had no:
Scowcroft memo quoted in Schapiro,
Millicent Fenwick,
175.
"
The President signed":
Quoted in ibid.
Dante Fascell exchanged:
Goldberg,
Final Act,
64.
So extreme was:
The rumor of Kissinger's intervention was fueled by the timing of a meeting he had with Dobrynin just before the Warsaw Pact countries rejected the commission's request; see Korey,
Promises We Keep,
33–34.

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 "
THE PROMISES MADE":
Quoted in Goldberg,
Final Act,
186.

[>]
 
A fiery self-admitted:
Biographical information on Lynn Singer from author interview with her.
Two young couples:
Philadelphia activism from author interview with Enid Wurtman; Harrison,
Passover Revisited.

[>]
 
Another couple from:
Report by Shirley and Alan Molod on their visit with refuseniks in the Soviet Union, May 8–16, 1977, quoted in Harrison,
Passover Revisited,
121–22.
In the early 1970s:
Biographical information on Michael Sherbourne from
Refusenik
transcript.

[>]
 
In March of 1976:
AH dropout figures supplied by the Jewish Agency for Israel and reprinted in Lazin,
Struggle for Soviet Jewry,
310.

[>]
 
Throughout the 1970s:
The figure comes from William Korey, "Soviet Jews' Rights,"
New York Times,
November 14, 1985. He cited a 1982 volume on higher education in Moscow that has the percentage of Jews enrolled in universities in 1970–71 as 3.16 percent of the total (or 19,509 people) and compares it to the numbers for 1980–81, with Jews making up just 1.5 percent of enrollment (or 9,911).

[>]
 
In 1973 there:
For dropout figures from Jewish Agency see Lazin,
Struggle for Soviet Jewry,
310.

[>]
 "
The Israelis admit": American Jewish Yearbook
77 (1977): 162.

[>]
 "
We succeeded in":
"Notes of secret meeting on
Noshrim,
July 23, 1976," from JDC files, quoted in Lazin,
Struggle for Soviet Jewry,
98.
Others were even harsher:
Ibid.

[>]
 
As soon as it became:
Ibid., 101.
"
We didn't campaign":
"Immigrants: Israel Wants Them All,"
Time,
November 22, 1976.
"
Why don't these":
Ibid.
"
No one, no one":
Frumkin commentary, September 1976, in CCSA Archives, container 3, folder 98.

[>]
 "
All of us are Zionists":
"Open Letter to the 'Committee of 8' concerning the cessation of support to Soviet Jewish aliyah drop-outs," Jerusalem, August 18, 1976, in ibid.
"
The traditional Jewish":
Quoted in Lazin,
Struggle for Soviet Jewry,
103.

[>]
 
In November of 1976:
Statistics on the number of stories from Peter Osnos, "Soviet Dissidents and the American Press,"
Columbia Journalism Review
16 (November/ December 1977): 32.

[>]
 "
Are these dissidents":
Ibid.

[>]
 "
We've double-checked":
Bernard Gwertzman, "Carter Denies C.I.A. Engaged Soviet Jew,"
New York Times,
June 14, 1977.
Carter gingerly broached:
"Record of Conversation between Soviet Foreign Minister Gromyko and President Carter," September 23, 1977, in virtual archive of Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.

[>]
 
His appointment to head:
Goldberg's appointment described in Kampelman,
Entering New Worlds,
220–22.

[>]
 
The appointment of Goldberg:
Significance of Goldberg's appointment explained in Korey,
Promises We Keep,
69–75.
Dorothy Goldberg, the ambassador's:
The unpublished memoirs of Dorothy Goldberg, who was included as a member of the delegation, are quoted in Korey,
Promises We Keep.
This observation is on page 75.

[>]
 
The first two weeks:
Belgrade conference is detailed in ibid., 77–100.
A few days later:
Shindler,
Exit Visa,
240.

[>]
 "
I am surprised":
Korey,
Promises We Keep,
82–83.

[>]
 "
Efforts to squelch":
"The Belgrade Follow-up Meeting to the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, United States," transcript published by the U.S. Congress, 79.
"
The American tactics":
Michael Getler, "Belgrade Meeting: Lost Hopes and Stalled Effort at Détente,"
Washington Post,
February 23, 1978.
"
Can it help":
Ibid.