What's Wrong With Fat? (39 page)

162. Roberta R. Friedman,
School Food: Opportunites for Improvement
(New Haven, CT:
Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity, 2009), http://www.yaleruddcenter.org/
resources/upload/docs/what/reports/RuddBriefSchoolFoodPolicy2009.pdf.

163. American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery, “Rationale for Surgical
Treatment,” ASMBS, http://asmbs.org/rationale-for-surgical-treatment/.

164. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “Healthy People 2010:
Understanding and Improving Health” 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: U.S.
Government Printing Office, November, 2000),
http://www.healthypeople
.gov/2010/Document/pdf/uih/2010uih.pdf.

CHAPTER 3

1. Mighty Mom, “Obesity Epidemic in America: Who Is to Blame?” http://mighty
mom.hubpages.com/hub/Whos-to-Blame-for-Americas-Obesity-Epidemic.

2. Ibid.

3. Gayle Rubin, “Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality,”
in
Th
e Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader
, ed. Henry Abelove, Michele Aina Barale,
and David Halperin (New York: Routledge, 1993), 30.

4. Kathleen LeBesco,
Revolting Bodies: The Struggle to Redefine Fat Identity
(Amherst:
University of Massachusetts Press, 2004).

5. Abby Lippman, “The Politics of Health: Geneticization Versus Health Promotion,”
in
Th
e Politics of Women’s Health: Exploring Agency and Autonomy
, ed. Susan
Sherwin (Philadelphi: Temple University Press, 1998), 64–82 ; Steven Epstein,
Inclusion: Th
e Politics of Difference in Medical Research
(Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 2007).

6
.
Elsewhere I have referred to the personal responsibility frame as a “risky
behavior” frame, in that it sees obesity as a risky behavior, akin to smoking.
Abigail C. Saguy and Kevin W. Riley, “Weighing Both Sides: Morality, Mortality
and Framing Contests over Obesity,”
Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law
30,
no. 5 (2005): 869–921.

7. Other scholars have identified, for instance, metaphors of obesity as time crunch,
food addiction, eating disorder, and disability, which could also be conceptual
ized as frames. Colleen L. Barry et al., “Obesity Metaphors: How Beliefs about
the Causes of Obesity Aff ect Support for Public Policy,”
Milbank Quarterly
87, no.
1 (2009): 7–47.

8. Michèle Lamont and Laurent Thévenot,
Rethinking Comparative Cultural
Sociology: Repertoires of Evaluation in France and the U.S
(Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press; Paris: Presses de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, 2000) ;
George Lakoff,
The Political Mind: Why You Can’t Understand
21
st-Century
American Politics with an
18
th-Century Brain
(New York: Viking, 2008) ; James
Morone,
Hellfire Nation: The Politics of Sin in American History
(New Haven: Yale
University Press, 2003).

9. Morone,
Hellfire Nation
; Rogan Kersh, “The Politics of Obesity: A Current
Assessment and Look Ahead,”
Milbank Quarterly
87, no. 1 (2009): 295–316.

10. Michael Schudson,
The Sociology of the News
(New York: W. W. Norton & Company,
2003).

11. These findings were previously published in Abigail C. Saguy and Kjerstin Gruys,
“Morality and Health: News Media Constructions of Overweight and Eating
Disorders,”
Social Problems
57, no. 2 (2010): 231–50.

12. These findings were previously published in Abigail C. Saguy, Kjerstin Gruys, and
Shanna Gong, “Social Problem Construction and National Context: News
Reporting on ‘Overweight’ and ‘Obesity’ in the U.S. and France,”
Social Problems
57, no. 4 (2010): 586–610.

13. George F. Will, “Sex, Fat and Responsibility,”
Newsweek
, July 7, 1997, 82.

14. Tommy G. Thompson, “Testimony on Preventing Chronic Disease throught [
sic.
]
Healthy Lifestyle” (hearing before a Subcommittee of the Committee on
Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Eight Congress, Second
Session, Special Hearing, Washington, D.C., July 15, 2004), http://www.hhs.gov/
asl/testify/t040715.html.

15. Mark Sherman, “Government Warns That Being Fat Might Surpass Smoking as a
Killer,”
Associated Press
, March 10, 2004.

16. Mary Leonard, “US Launches a Fight against Obesity,”
Boston Globe
, March 10,
2004.

17. Morone,
Hellfire Nation
; Lamont and Thévenot,
Rethinking Comparative Cultural
Sociology.

18. Julie Guthman, Weighing In: Obesity, Food Justice, and the Limits of Capitalism
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011).

19. Joanne Jacobs, “The Fat Patrol Is Closing In: They’ll Tax Your Cheeseburger and
Lecture You to Boot,”
San Jose Mercury News,
January 8, 2000.

20. Ali H. Mokdad et al., “Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000,”
Journal
of the American Medical Association
(
JAMA
) 291, no. 10 (2004): 1238–45.

21. Jane Ogden et al., “General Practitioners’ and Patients’ Models of Obesity: Whose
Problem Is It?”
Patient Education and Counseling
44, no. 3 (2001): 227–33.

22. E. L. Harvey and A. J. Hill, “Health Professionals’ Views of Overweight People and
Smokers,”
International Journal of Obesity
25 (2001): 1253–61.

23. Aurélie Bocquier et al., “Overweight and Obesity: Knowledge, Attitudes,
and Practices of General Practitioners in France,”
Obesity Research
13 (2005):
787–95.

24. Gary D. Foster et al., “Primary Care Physicians’ Attitudes about Obesity and Its
Treatment,”
Obesity Research
11, no. 10 (2003): 1168–77.

25. Karen Campbell et al., “Obesity Management: Australian General Practitioners’
Attitudes and Practices,”
Obesity Research
8 (2000): 459–66 ; Y. Fogelman et al.,
“Managing Obesity: A Survey of Attitudes and Practices among Israeli Primary
Care Physicians,”
International Journal of Obesity
26 (2002): 1393–97.

26. Ian Brown, “Nurses’ Attitudes towards Adult Patients Who Are Obese: Literature
Review,”
Journal of Advanced Nursing
53, no. 2 (2006): 221–32 ; Ian Brown et al.,
“Management of Obesity in Primary Care: Nurses’ Practices, Beliefs, and
Attitudes,”
Journal of Advanced Nursing
59, no. 4 (2007): 329–41.

27. World Health Organization, “Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global
Epidemic,”
WHO Techincal Report Series No.
894 (2000), 240, http://libdoc.who
.int/trs/WHO_TRS_894.pdf.

28. Traci Mann et al., “Medicare’s Search for Effective Obesity Treatments: Diets Are
Not the Answer,”
American Psychologist
62 (2007): 220–33.

29. The National Weight Control Registry, http://www.nwcr.ws/.

30. Charlotte Biltekoff, “The Terror Within: Obesity in Post 9/11 U.S. Life,”
American
Studies
48, no. 3 (2007): 29–48.

31. Sherman, “Government Warns That Being Fat Might Surpass Smoking as a Killer.”

32. GuideStar, www.guidestar.org.

33. Center for Consumer Freedom, “Print Ads,” CCF, http://www.consumerfreedom
.com/advertisements_print.cfm. Dates were confirmed in a discussion with senior
research analyst Justin Wilson, December 8, 2011.

34. Ibid. Dates were confirmed in a discussion with senior research analyst Justin
Wilson, December 8, 2011.

35. Marion Nestle,
Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002)
;
Greg Critser,
Fat Land: How
Americans Became the Fattest People in the World
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003);
Eric Schlosser,
Fast Food Nation: Th
e Dark Side of the All-American Meal
(Boston:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001) ; Morgan Spurlock,
Super Size Me
(2004) ; Michael
Pollan,
In Defense of Food: An Eater’s Manifesto
(New York: Penguin Press, 2008).

36. Critser,
Fat Land
; Kelly Brownell and Katherine Battle Horgen,
Food Fight: Th
e
Inside Story of the Food Industry, America’s Obesity Crisis, and What We Can Do about
It
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003)
;
Julie Guthman and Melanie DuPuis,
“Embodying Neoliberalism: Economy, Culture, and the Politics of Fat,”
Environment
and Planning D: Society and Space
24, no. 3 (2006): 427–48.

37. Brownell and Horgen,
Food Fight
; Nestle,
Food Politics
; Schlosser,
Fast Food Nation
; Guthman and DuPuis, “Embodying Neoliberalism.”

38. Nestle,
Food Politics
.

39. Brownell and Horgen,
Food Fight
.

40. Guthman,
Weighing In
.

41. Ibid.

42. Neville Rigby and Philip James, “Waiting for a Green Light for Health? Europe at
the Crossroads for Diet and Disease,”
IOTF Position Paper
(2003), http://www
.iaso.org/site_media/uploads/September_2003_Obesity_in_Europe_2_Waiting_
for_the_green_light_for_health.pdf.

43. Obesity Fitness & Wellness Week, “Fitness: Poor Diet, Physical Inactivity May
Soon Overtake Tobacco as Leading Cause of Death,”
Obesity, Fitness & Wellness
Week
, April 3, 2004.

44. Kristina Herrndobler, “Deaths Due to Obesity Rise 33 Percent in 10 Years,”
Chicago
Tribune
, March 10, 2004.

45. Rogan Kersh and James Morone, “The Politics of Obesity: Seven Steps to
Government Action,”
Health Aff airs
21, no. 6 (2002): 142–53.

46. Lisa Greene, “Fighting Obesity in America; It’s What’s Killing Us,”
St. Petersburg
Times (Florida)
, March 10, 2004 ; Andrew Ferguson, “Just What Fat People Need—
the Government’s Help,”
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
, March 21, 2004.

47. Adam Drewnowski and Anne Barratt-Fornell, “Do Healthier Diets Cost More?”
Nutrition Today
39, no. 4 (2004): 161–68 ; Penny Gordon-Larsen et al., “Inequality
in the Built Environment Underlies Key Health Disparities in Physical Activity
and Obesity,”
Pediatrics
117, no. 2 (2006): 417–24.

48. John Fauber and Mark Johnson, “Super-Size Problem; Americans’ Struggle with
Obesity Takes Breathtaking Toll,”
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
, July 6, 2003.

49. Antronette K. Yancey, Joanne Leslie, and Emily K. Abel, “Obesity at the Crossroads:
Feminist and Public Health Perspectives,”
Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and
Society
31, no. 2 (2006): 425–43.

50. Guthman, Weighing In.

51. David Schlosberg, Defining Environmental Justice: Theories, Movements, and
Nature (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).

52. Guthman, Weighing In.

53. Yancey, Leslie, and Abel, “Obesity at the Crossroads,” 432.

54. Jim Ritter, “Kids on Front Lines of Obesity War,”
Chicago Sun-Times,
July 1,
2003.

55. Jeffrey Friedman, “A War on Obesity, Not the Obese,”
Science
299, no. 5608
(2003): 858.

56. Gina Kolata,
Rethinking Th
in: Th
e New Science of Weight Loss—and the Myths and
Realities about Dieting
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), 142.

57. A. J. Stunkard, T. T. Foch, and Z. Hubrek, “A Twin Study of Human Obesity,”
JAMA
256, no. 1 (1986): 51–54 ; A. J. Stunkard et al., “The Body Mass Index of Twins
Who Have Been Reared Apart,”
New England Journal of Medicine
322 (1990):
1483–87.

58. Kolata,
Rethinking Th
in
.

59. Katherine M. Flegal et al., “Prevalence and Trends in Obesity among U.S. Adults,
1999–2008,”
JAMA
303, no. 3 (2010): 235–41.

60. Kolata,
Rethinking Th
in
.

61. Ibid.

62. Steven B. Heymsfield et al., “Recombinant Leptin for Weight Loss in Obese and
Lean Adults: A Randomized, Controlled, Dose-Escalation Trial,”
JAMA
282, no. 16
(1999): 1568–75.

63. Kolata,
Rethinking Th
in
.

64. Jacqueline I. Alvarez-Leite, “Nutrient Deficiencies Secondary to Bariatric Surgery,”
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
7, no. 5 (2004): 569–75.