Vaccinated (29 page)

Impact of hepatitis B vaccine: Plotkin and Orenstein,
Vaccines
; "Hepatitis B Vaccination Coverage among Adults: United States, 2004,"
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
55 (2006): 509–11.

Starzl quote: Symposium in honor of Maurice R. Hilleman, American Philosophical Society, January 26, 2005.

NOTES
231

Animalcules

Robert Austrian was interviewed on February 18, 2005, and September 14, 2006. Much of the information about pneumococcus and pneumococcal vaccine can be found in Austrian,
Pneumococcus
.

Discovery of gold in South Africa: "Three Georges Strike Paydirt," http:// www.joburg.org.za/facts/georges.stm; "Joburg's Hidden History," http:// www.goldreefcity.co.za/theme_park/joburgs_hidden_history.asp; "Johannesburg: History," http://www.southafrica-travel.net/north/a1johb01.htm.

Krüger: "Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger," http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/President_Kruger.

Pneumococcal pneumonia in gold miners: Austrian,
Pneumococcus
.

Robert Koch: D. S. Burke, "Of Postulates and Peccadilloes: Robert Koch and Vaccine (Tuberculin) Therapy for Tuberculosis,"
Vaccine
11 (1993): 795–804; "Robert Koch," http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/robert_koch. htm; "Robert Koch: Biography," Nobelprize.org, http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1905/koch-bio.html.

Roux, Yersin, Behring, and Ramon: Plotkin and Orenstein,
Vaccines
; Plotkin and Fantini,
Vaccinia
.

Thalidomide: R. Brynner and T. Stephens,
Dark Remedy: The Impact of Thalidomide and Its Revival as a Vital Medicine
(New York: Perseus Publishing, 2001).

Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act amendments: "The Story of the Laws behind the Labels: Part II. 1938—The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, Part III. 1962 Drug Amendments,"
FDA Consumer
, June 1981.

Almroth Wright: M. Dunhill,
The Plato of Praed Street: The Life and Times of Almroth Wright
(London: Royal Society of Medicine Press, 2002); "The Life and Times of Almroth Wright,"
Biomedical Scientist
, March 2002.

Gerhard Domagk: "Gerhard Domagk," NobelPrize.org, http://nobel prize.org.medicine/laureates/1939/domagk-bio.html.

Perrin Long: J. F. Worthington, "The Guys and Us,"
Hopkins Medicine Magazine
, Spring/Summer 2005.

Colin MacLeod pneumococcal vaccine studies: C. M. MacLeod, R. G. Hodges, M. Heidelberger, and W. G. Bernhard, "Prevention of Pneumococcal Pneumonia by Immunization with Specific Capsular Polysaccharides,"
Journal of Experimental Medicine
82 (1945): 445–65.

An Uncertain Future

Adel Mahmoud and Art Caplan were interviewed on May 26, 2006, and March 10, 2005, respectively. An excellent summary of Andrew Wakefield, the MMR vaccine, and autism can be found in Fitzpatrick,
MMR and Autism
.

HPV vaccine: R. Steinbrook, "The Potential of Human Papillomavirus Vaccines,"
New England Journal of Medicine
354 (2006): 1109–12; M. Schiffman and P. E. Castle, "The Promise of Global Cervical-Cancer Prevention,"
New England Journal of Medicine
353(2005): 2101–4; C. P. Crum, "The Beginning of the End for Cervical Cancer?"
New England Journal of
Medicine
34 (2002):1703–5; L. A. Koutsky, K. A. Ault, C. M. Wheeler, et al., "A Controlled Trial of a Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Vaccine,"
New England Journal of Medicine
347 (2002): 1645–51.

"Fry on the tarmac": Interview with senior executive at Merck, 2004.

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation: S. Okie, "Global Health: The Gates-Buffett Effect,"
New England Journal of Medicine
355 (2006): 1084–88.

Hilleman MMR studies: E. B. Buynak, R. E. Weibel, J. E. Whitman, J. Stokes Jr., and M. R. Hilleman, "Combined Live Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccines,"
Journal of the American Medical Association
207 (1969): 2259–62; R. E. Weibel, J. Stokes Jr., V. M. Villarejos, J. A. Arguedas, E. B. Buynak, and M. R. Hilleman, "Combined Live Rubella-Mumps Virus Vaccine: Findings in Clinical-Laboratory Studies,"
Journal of the American Medical Association
216 (1971): 983–86; J. Stokes Jr., R. E. Weibel, V. M. Villarejos, J. A. Arguedas, E. B. Buynak, and M. R. Hilleman, "Trivalent Combined Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine: Findings in Clinical-Laboratory Studies,"
Journal of the American Medical Association
218 (1971): 57–61; V. M. Villarejos, J. A. Arguedas, E. B. Buynak, R. E. Weibel, J. Stokes Jr., and M. R. Hilleman, "Combined Live Measles-Rubella Vaccine: Findings in Clinical-Laboratory Studies,"
Journal of Pediatrics
79 (1971): 599–604; R. E. Weibel, E. B. Buynak, J. Stokes Jr., and M. R. Hilleman, "Measurement of Immunity Following Live Mumps (5 Years), Measles (3 Years), and Rubella (2 1/2 Years) Virus Vaccines,"
Pediatrics
49 (1972): 334–41; J. M. Borgoño, R. Greiber, G. Solari, F. Concha, B. Carrillo, and M. R. Hilleman, "A Field Trial of Combined Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine: Satisfactory Immunization with 188 Children in Chile,"
Clinical Pediatrics
12 (1973): 170–72; R. E. Weibel, V. M. Villarejos, G. Hernández, J. Stokes Jr., E. B. Buynak, and M. R. Hilleman, "Combined Live Measles-Mumps Virus Vaccine,"
Archives of Disease in Childhood
48 (1973): 532–36; R. E. Weibel, E. B. Buynak, J. Stokes Jr., and M. R. Hilleman, "Persistence of Immunity Following Monovalent and Combined Live Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Virus Vaccines,"
Pediatrics
51 (1973): 467–75; R. E. Weibel, E. B. Buynak, A. A. McLean, and M. R. Hilleman, "Long-Term Follow-Up for Immunity after Monovalent or Combined Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Virus Vaccines,"
Pediatrics
56 (1975): 380–87; R. E. Weibel, E. B. Buynak, A. A. McLean, and M. R. Hilleman, "Persistence of Antibody after Administration of Monovalent and Combined Live Attenuated Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Virus Vaccines,"
Pediatrics
61 (1978): 5–11; R. E. Weibel, E. B. Buynak, A. A. McLean, and M. R. Hilleman, "Follow-Up Surveillance for Antibody in Human Subjects Following Live Attenuated Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Virus Vaccines,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
162(1979): 328–32; W. J. McAleer, H. Z. Markus, A. A. McLean, E. B. Buynak, and M. R. Hilleman, "Stability on Storage at Various Temperatures of Live Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Virus Vaccines in New Stabilizer,"
Journal of Biological Standardization
8 (1980): 281–87; R. E. Weibel, E. B. Buynak, A. A. McLean, R. R. Roehm, and M. R. Hilleman, "Persistence of Antibody in Human Subjects for 7 to 10 Years Following Administration of Combined Live Attenuated Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Virus Vaccines,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
165 (1980): 260–63; R. E. Weibel, A. J. Carlson, V. M. Villarejos, E. B. Buynak, A. A. McLean, and M. R. Hilleman, "Clinical and Laboratory Studies of Combined Live Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccines Using the RA27/3 Rubella Virus,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
165 (1980): 323–26.

Wakefield study in
Lancet
: A. J. Wakefield, S. H. Murch, A. Anthony, et al., "Ileal-Lymphoid-Nodular Hyperplasia, Non-Specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children,"
Lancet
351 (1998): 637–41.

Wakefield description: Fitzpatrick,
MMR and Autism
.

Shermer quote: Shermer,
Weird Things
.

Four-month-old child with seizures prior to vaccine: Interview with nurse practitioner at Kids First-Haverford pediatric practice, 2004.

Deaths from measles following Wakefield report: Public Health Laboratory Service, "Measles Outbreak in London,"
Communicable Disease Report CDR Weekly
12 (2002): 1; T. Peterkin, "Alert over 60 Percent Rise in Measles,"
London Daily Telegraph
, May 12, 2003; B. Lavery, "As Vaccination Rates Decline in Ireland, Cases of Measles Soar,"
New York Times
, February 8, 2003;
Fragile Immunity
, video produced by PATH, narrated by Ian Holm, 2004.

Burton hearings:
Autism: Present Challenges, Future Needs: Why the Increased Rates?
Hearing before the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, 106th Congress, 2d Session (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2001).

MMR-autism studies: R. T. Chen and F. De Stefano, "Vaccine Adverse Events: Causal of Coincidental?"
Lancet
351 (1968): 611–12; B. Taylor, E. Miller, C. P. Farrington, et al., "Autism and Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine: No Epidemiological Evidence for a Causal Association,"
Lancet
353 (1999): 2026–29; C. P. Farrington, E. Miller, and B. Taylor, "MMR and Autism: Further Evidence against a Causal Association,"
Vaccine
19 (2001): 3632–35; R. L. Davis, P. Kramarz, K. Bohlke, et al., "Measles-Mumps-Rubella and Other Measles-Containing Vaccines Do Not Increase the Risk for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Case-Control Study from the Vaccine Safety Datalink Project,"
Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine
155 (2001): 354–59; J. A. Kaye, M. Melero-Montes, and H. Jick, "Mumps, Measles, and Rubella Vaccine and the Incidence of Autism Recorded by General Practitioners: A Time Trend Analysis,"
British Medical Journal
322 (2001): 460–63; L. Dales, S. J. Hammer, and N. J. Smith, "Time Trends in Autism and in MMR Immunization Coverage in California,"
Journal of the American Medical Association
285 (2001): 1183–85; E. Fombonne and S. Chakrabarti, "No Evidence for a New Variant of Measles-Mumps-Rubella-Induced Autism,"
Pediatrics
108 (2001): E58; K. Stratton, A. Gable, and P. M. M. Shetty, ed.
Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and Autism, in Immunization Safety Review
, Institute of Medicine, Immunization Safety Review Committee (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2001); B. Taylor, E. Miller, R. Lingam, et al., "Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccination and Bowel Problems or Developmental Regression in Children with Autism: Population Study,"
British Medical Journal
324 (2002): 393–96; K. Wilson, E. Mills, C. Ross, et al., "Association of Autistic Spectrum Disorder and the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine: A Systematic Review of Current Epidemiological Evidence,"
Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine
157 (2003): 628–34; E. Miller, "Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and the Development of Autism,"
Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases
14 (2003): 199–206; K. M. Madsen and M. Vestergaard, "MMR Vaccination and Autism: What Is the Evidence for a Causal Association?"
Drug Safety
27 (2004): 831–40; F. DeStefano and W. W. Thompson, "MMR Vaccine and Autism: An Update of the Scientific Evidence,"
Expert Reviews in Vaccines
3 (2004): 19–22; F. DeStefano, T. K. Bhasin, W. W. Thompson, et al., "Age at First Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination in Children with Autism and School-Matched Control Subjects: A Population-Based Study in Metropolitan Atlanta,"
Pediatrics
113 (2004): 259–66; H. Honda, Y. Shimizu, and M. Rutter, "No Effect of MMR Withdrawal on the Incidence of Autism: A Total Population Study,"
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatric Allied Disciplines
46 (2005): 572–79.

Brian Deer and the press: Fitzpatrick,
MMR and Autism
; B. Deer, "MMR Scare Doctor Faces List of Charges," www.timesonline.co.uk/ article/0.,2087–1774388,00.html; K. Birmingham and M. Cimons, "Reactions to MMR Immunization Scare,"
Nature Medicine Vaccine Supplement
4(1998): 478–79; G. Crowley and G. Brownwell, "Parents Wonder: Is It Safe to Vaccinate?"
Newsweek
, July 31, 2000; K. Seroussi, "We Cured Our Son's Autism,"
Parents
, February 2000; D. Brown, "Autism's New Face,"
Washington Post
, March 26, 2000; "Rash Worries,"
The Economist
, April 11, 1998; A. Manning, "Vaccine-Autism Link Feared,"
USA Today
, August 19, 1999; P. Anderson, "Another Media Scare about MMR Vaccine Hits Britain,"
British Medical Journal
, June 12, 1999; B. Vastag, "Congressional Autism Hearings Continue: No Evidence MMR Vaccine Causes Disorder,"
Journal of the American Medical Association
285 (2001): 2567–69; "Does the MMR Vaccine Cause Autism?"
Mothering
, September/October 1998; S. Ramsey, "UK Starts Campaign to Reassure Parents about MMR-Vaccine Safety,"
Lancet
357 (2001): 290; N. Bragg, M. Ramsay, J. White, and Z. Bozoky, "Media Dents Confidence in MMR Vaccine,"
British Medical Journal
316 (1998): 561; J. Fischman, "Vaccine Worries Get Shot Down but Parents Still Fret,"
U.S. News and World Report
, March 19, 2001.

Mercury and autism: Excellent summary of current studies in the Institute of Medicine's
Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism
(Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, May 17, 2004), and
Immunization Safety Review: Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
(Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, October 1, 2001).

AAP-PHS statement on thimerosal: American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Infectious Diseases and Committee on Environmental Health, "Thimerosal in Vaccines: An Interim Report to Clinicians,"
Pediatrics
104(1999): 570–74.

Kennedy
Rolling Stone
article: R. F. Kennedy Jr., "Deadly Immunity,"
Rolling Stone
, June 20, 2005.

Schwarzenegger bans thimerosal: J. S. Lyon, "Dearth of Vaccines for Infants and Experts Urge Use for First Time,"
San Jose Mercury News
, November 1, 2004.

Evidence of Harm: D. Kirby,
Evidence of Harm: Mercury in Vaccines and the Autism Epidemic: A Medical Controversy
(New York: St. Martin's Press, 2005).