This Great Struggle (63 page)

2. Abraham Lincoln, Speech to the 164th Ohio Regiment, Washington, D.C., August 18, 1864, Lincoln, Abraham, 1809–1865, in Roy P. Basler, ed.,
Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
, 9 vols. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953–1955), 7:504–5.

CHAPTER 1: AMERICA’S LONG ROAD TO CIVIL WAR

On the development of slavery in colonial Virginia, see Edmund S. Morgan,
American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia
(New York: Norton, 2003). For a history of the somewhat different course of slavery in colonial South Carolina, see Peter Wood,
Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from
1670
through the Stono Rebellion
(New York: Knopf, 1974). For a brief discussion of the crises leading to the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850 as well as that stemming from the Kansas-Nebraska Act, with their relevance to the coming of the Civil War, see Don E. Fehrenbacher,
The South and Three Sectional Crises
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1980). On Nat Turner’s Rebellion, see Stephen B. Oates,
The Fires of Jubilee: Nat Turner’s Fierce Rebellion
(New York: Harper & Row, 1975). On the abolitionist movement, see Frederick J. Blue,
No Taint of Compromise: Crusaders in Antislavery Politics
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005). On the Nullification Crisis, see William W. Freehling,
Prelude to Civil War: The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina,
1816–1836
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). On the Gag Rule and the long and determined fight against it by former president John Quincy Adams, see William Lee Miller,
Arguing about Slavery: The Great Battle in the United States Congress
(New York: Knopf, 1996). On how the sectional expansion of the 1840s gave new urgency to the slavery controversy, see Steven E. Woodworth,
Manifest Destinies: America’s Westward Expansion and the Road to the Civil War
(New York: Knopf, 2010).

On the Compromise of 1850, see John C. Waugh,
On the Brink of Civil War: The Compromise of
1850
and How It Changed the Course of American History
(Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 2003). The classic biography of Stephen A. Douglas is by Robert W. Johannsen (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973). Several works deal with Lincoln’s political career during the 1850s. For a classic account, see Don E. Fehrenbacher,
Prelude of Greatness: Lincoln in the
1850’s
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1962). Two excellent recent books are John C. Waugh,
One Man Great Enough: Abraham Lincoln’s Road to Civil War
(Orlando: Harcourt, 2007), and Gary Ecelbarger,
The Great Comeback: How Abraham Lincoln Beat the Odds to Win the
1860
Republican Nomination
(New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2008). A dated but still somewhat useable overview of the 1850s is David E. Potter’s
The Impending Crisis,
1848–1861
(New York: Harper & Row, 1976). For a more modern treatment of the decade, see Eric H. Walther,
The Shattering of the Union: America in the
1850s
(Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 2004). On the Fire-Eaters, see Walther’s book of that title (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1992). For a classic and still-profound treatment of the Lincoln-Douglas Debates, see Harry Jaffa,
Crisis of the House Divided: An Interpretation of the Issues in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1959). For an excellent and thought-provoking modern treatment of the debates, see Allen Guelzo,
Lincoln and Douglas: The Debates that Defined America
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008).

1. Paul Leicester Ford, ed.,
The Works of Thomas Jefferson, Volume
12
(New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 159.

2. Thomas Jefferson to John Holmes, April 22, 1820, Library of Congress.

3. Abraham Lincoln,
Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
, 9 vols. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 2:461–62.

CHAPTER 2: AND THE WAR CAME

On John Brown and his raid on Harpers Ferry, see David S. Reynolds,
John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights
(New York: Vintage, 2006), and Evan S. Carton,
Patriotic Treason: John Brown and the Soul of America
(Lincoln, NE: Bison Books, 2009). On the entire secession crisis, see James L. Abrahamson,
The Men of Secession and Civil War
(Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 2000).

On Lincoln’s rise to the presidency, see John C. Waugh,
One Man Great Enough: Abraham Lincoln’s Road to Civil War
(New York: Harcourt, 2007); Gary Ecelbarger,
The Great Comeback: How Abraham Lincoln Beat the Odds to Win the
1860
Republican Nomination
(New York: Thomas Dunne, 2008); and Harold Holzer,
Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004).

On the First Battle of Bull Run, see Ethan S. Rafuse,
A Single Grand Victory: The First Campaign and Battle of Manassas
(Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 2002), and William C. Davis,
Battle at Bull Run: A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981).

1. Abraham Lincoln,
Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
, 9 vols. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 4:271.

2. Lincoln,
Collected Works
, 8:332 (emphasis in the original).

3. Some have claimed that Taney did not assert that this was true but rather only claimed that it was the opinion at the time of the writing of the Constitution. In fact, Taney quoted it approvingly and implied that since it was, in his opinion, the belief at the time of the founding, it should still prevail in his day.

4. Lincoln,
Collected Works
, 4:532.

CHAPTER 3: ALL QUIET ALONG THE POTOMAC

On the dispute within the Confederate high command regarding the responsibility for the failure to reap major dividends from the victory at Bull Run, see Steven E. Woodworth,
Davis and Lee at War
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995).

On George B. McClellan, see Stephen W. Sears,
George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon
(New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1988), the definitive biography of this troubled general. For a contrarian (favorable) interpretation of McClellan, see Ethan S. Rafuse,
McClellan’s War: The Failure of Moderation in the Struggle for the Union
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005).

For an outstanding treatment of all aspects of the events surrounding the Battle of Wilson’s Creek, see William Garrett Piston and Richard W. Hatcher III,
Wilson’s Creek: The Second Battle of the Civil War and the Men Who Fought It
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000). On the end of Kentucky neutrality, see Steven E. Woodworth,
Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990).

On Ulysses S. Grant, see Brooks D. Simpson,
Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph over Adversity,
1822–1865
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), the first volume of an anticipated two-volume biography and much of the best work on Grant. On Grant’s operations around Cairo and in command of what was to become the Army of the Tennessee, see Steven E. Woodworth,
Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee,
1861–1865
(New York: Knopf, 2006).

On the Joint Committee for the Conduct of the War, see Bruce Tap,
Over Lincoln’s Shoulder: The Committee on the Conduct of the War
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998).

On naval operations in the Civil War, see Spencer C. Tucker,
A Short History of the Civil War at Sea
(Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 2002). For a specialized account of blockade-running, see Stephen R. Wise,
Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running during the Civil War
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988).

For a discussion of Union policy toward the black residents of the Port Royal enclave, see Willie Lee Rose,
Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1964).

On Confederate efforts to use cotton as a source of diplomatic leverage, see Frank L. Owsley,
King Cotton Diplomacy: Foreign Relations of the Confederate States of America
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1931). On U.S. foreign relations during the war, see Howard Jones,
Union in Peril: The Crisis over British Intervention in the Civil War
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992); Howard Jones,
Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999); R. J. M. Blackett,
Divided Hearts: Britain and the American Civil War
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001); Norman Ferris,
Desperate Diplomacy: William H. Seward’s Foreign Policy
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1976); and Dean B. Mahin,
One War at a Time: The International Dimensions of the American Civil War
(Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 1999). On the work of the outstanding U.S. minister to Britain during the war, see Martin B. Duberman,
Charles Francis Adams,
1807–1886
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961). On the Trent Affair itself, see Norman Ferris,
The Trent Affair: A Diplomatic Crisis
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1977).

1. Alexander H. Stephens, “Cornerstone Address, March 21, 1861,” in
The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events with Documents, Narratives, Illustrative Incidents, Poetry, etc.
, vol. 1, ed. Frank Moore (New York: O. P. Putnam, 1862), 44–46.

2. James D. Richardson,
A
Compilation
of
the
Messages
and
Papers
of
the
Presidents
, vol. 6 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1907), 430.

3. Hammond’s complete speech can be found in
Selections
from
the
Letters
and
Speeches of the Hon. James H. Hammond, of South Carolina
(New York: John F. Trow & Co., 1866), 311–22.

4. Jasper Ridley,
Lord Palmerston
(New York: Dutton, 1971), 554.

5. David Herbert Donald,
Lincoln
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 330.

CHAPTER 4: THE EMERGENCE OF GRANT

On Lincoln’s relations with his generals and his efforts to get action out of McClellan, see T. Harry Williams,
Lincoln and His Generals
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 19). On Davis’s struggles with Beauregard and Joseph E. Johnston, see Steven E. Woodworth,
Davis and Lee at War
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995). On Davis’s relations with Albert Sidney Johnston, see Woodworth,
Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990).

On the battles of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, see B. Franklin Cooling,
Forts Henry and Donelson—The Key to the Confederate Heartland
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1987); Spencer C. Tucker,
Andrew Foote: Civil War Admiral on Western Waters
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2000); and Kendall D. Gott,
Where the South Lost the War: An Analysis of the Fort Henry-Fort Donelson Campaign, February
1862
(Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2003). On the role of what would become the Confederate Army of Tennessee in this and subsequent campaigns, see Thomas Lawrence Connelly,
Army of the Heartland: The Army of Tennessee,
1861–1862
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967). For the role of the opposing Union army that was to become the Army of the Tennessee in this and subsequent campaigns, see Steven E. Woodworth,
Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee,
1861–1865
(New York: Knopf, 2006).

On the Pea Ridge Campaign, see William L. Shea and Earl J. Hess,
Pea Ridge: Civil War Campaign in the West
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992). On the New Mexico Campaign and the Battle of Glorieta Pass, see Thomas S. Edrington and John Taylor,
The Battle of Glorieta Pass: A Gettysburg in the West, March
26–28, 1862
(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1998), and Donald S. Frazier,
Blood and Treasure: Confederate Empire in the Southwest
(College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1995).

Several good books cover the Shiloh Campaign. They include Edward Cunningham, Gary D. Joiner, and Timothy B. Smith,
Shiloh and the Western Campaign
(El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2009); Steven E. Woodworth, ed.,
The Shiloh Campaign
(Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2009); Larry J. Daniel,
Shiloh: The Battle That Changed the Civil War
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997); Wiley Sword,
Shiloh: Bloody April
(New York: Morrow, 1974); and James Lee McDonough,
Shiloh: In Hell before Night
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1977).

1. William E. Dodd,
Jefferson Davis
(Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs, 1907), 265.

2. Ulysses S. Grant,
Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant
, 2 vols. (New York: Charles L. Webster, 1885), 1:368.