Read The World That Never Was Online
Authors: Alex Butterworth
Tags: #History, #Europe, #General, #Revolutionary, #Modern, #19th Century
Russia:
Britain:
Other European:
Orsini bombing
United States:
Other:
Date: 1860
France:
Russia:
Britain:
Other European:
Germany:
Stieber recruited by de Mohrenheim in Berlin
United States:
Other:
Date: 1861
France:
Russia:
Alexander II’s edict freeing the serfs
Britain:
Other European:
United States:
Other:
Date: 1862
France:
Russia:
Kropotkin posted to Irkutsk in Siberia at his own request; ‘nihilist’ coined in
Fathers and Sons
;
Zemlya i Volya
, Land and Liberty
Britain:
Other European:
United States:
Other:
Date: 1863
France:
Russia:
Chernyshevsky –
What is to be Done
?; Stieber taken back to Prussia by Bismarck to head the police
Britain:
Other European:
United States:
Other:
Date: 1864
France:
Reclus brothers found a co-op (First in Paris); Joly publishes
Dialogues
from Brussels
Russia:
Kropotkin expedition to Siberia and Amur Valley
Britain:
Other European:
IWMA founded
United States:
Other:
Date: 1865
France:
Death of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
Russia:
Britain:
Bakunin, having escaped from Siberian exile, visits Marx in London
Other European:
United States:
End of American Civil War
Other:
Date: 1866
France:
Russia:
Britain:
Other European:
Attempt on life of Alexander II by Karakozov; Ferdinand Cohen-Blind attempts to assassinate Bismarck
United States:
Other:
Nobel takes out patent on dynamite
Date: 1867
France:
Paris Expo: World Exhibition – attack on Alexander II by Berezowski; Reclus has become member of the International
Russia:
Britain:
Other European:
United States:
Other:
End of disastrous French involvement in Mexico with execution of Maximilien
Date: 1868
France:
Russia:
Britain:
Other European:
Switzerland:
Berne Congress of Peace and Freedom; first Russian woman takes medical diploma; Peter Lavrov publishes
Historical
Letters
urging educated youth to provide political enlightenment to the peasantry
United States:
Other:
Date: 1869
France:
Rochefort, as deputy, campaigns for universal conscription in France
Russia:
Britain:
Other European:
Nechaev meets Bakunin in Switzerland;
The Revolutionary
Catechism
United States:
Other:
Date: 1870
France:
Jan:
Noir funeral
July:
Ems telegram;
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
published
19 July:
Declaration of War
2 Sept:
Defeat and capture of Napoleon III at Sedan
4 Sept:
Hotel de Ville declaration
7 Oct:
Balloon flight of Gambetta out of Paris; declaration by Bakunin of a commune in Lyons; failed attack from Tours
27 Dec:
German bombardment of Paris begins
Russia:
Tsar concerned what republican France might mean for European monarchies
Britain:
Other European:
Vatican council rules Pope infallible in matters of doctrine
December:
Cesare Lombroso enjoys ‘revelation’ of criminal atavism
United States:
Other:
Date: 1871
France:
Jan:
Armed stand-off between Breton soldiers and Flourens’ radicals around the Hotel de Ville
18 March:
Failed attempt to seize National Guard guns at Montmartre and elsewhere precipitates government withdrawal to Versailles
28 March:
Declaration of Paris Commune
22 May:
Bloody Week massacres of Communards as Versaillais troops retake Paris
Russia:
Trial of Nechaevists
July:
Genesis of what would become the Chaikovsky Circle during rural study retreat
Britain:
Marx writing
The Civil War in France
; Bulwer Lytton,
The Coming Race
; Darwin publishes
The Descent of Man
; Hyndman, as fellow of Magdalen College, visits Commune; Carpenter travels to France and is arrested by Prussians; flight of Communards; London Congress: Marxists’ investigation of Bakunin and Nechaev
Other European:
Germany:
Coronation at Versailles of Wilhelm I of Prussia as kaiser of united Germany; Pius IX of Commune: ‘devils risen up’
Switzerland:
Foundation of the Bakuninist Jura Federation, headed by Guillaume
Oct:
St-Imier anti-authoritarian congress
United States:
Knights of Labour started at tailors meeting in Philadelphia
Oct:
Fire destroys much of Chicago
Other:
18 Jan:
German Empire declared; union of German States
1 March:
German triumphal march through Paris
Date: 1872
France:
Military tribunal to try Communards continues, amid transportations to New Caledonia
Russia:
Kropotkin and Kravchinsky join Chaikovsky Circle; Dostoevsky publishes
The Devils
Britain:
Communards sleeping rough in London parks
Other European:
Feb
: Kropotkin arrives in Switzerland
14 March:
Reclus arrives in Switzerland
United States:
Andrew Carnegie begins revolution in steel manufacture
Other:
Date: 1873
France:
23 May:
General MacMahon becomes president of Third Republic; Michel and Rochefort deported
Sept:
War indemnity to Germany paid off early
Russia:
Summer:
Mass movement of young radicals ‘go to the people’ during ‘Mad Summer’ with many arrests in coming two years; Koroptkin works on his draft
Manifesto
for the Chaikovsky Circle
Britain:
The fictional Phineas Fogg of Jules Verne’s
Around the World in Eighty Days
accepts bet at the Reform Club; Edward Carpenter joins University Extension work
Other European:
Spain:
Insurrection in Cartagena
Switzerland:
Lavrov starts publication of
Forward!
in Geneva
United States:
Sept:
Railway entrepreneur Jay Gould bankrupt, precipitating economic crisis and depression
Other:
10 Dec:
Ship carrying Louise Michel and Henri Rochefort arrives in New Caledonia
Date: 1874
France:
First Impressionist exhibition
Russia:
22 March:
Arrrest of Peter Kropotkin in St Petersburg; riots by St Petersburg students against conservative professor of physiology, Elie de Cyon; the radicals’ mission ‘to the people’ gains momentum, as does its persecution
Britain:
Society for the Advancement of Science object to Pius IX’s ‘fatuous’ Syllabus of Errors
Other European:
Italy:
Malatesta prepares abortive insurrection in Bologna, Bakunin flees ignominiously
Switzerland:
Sept:
Rochefort arrives
United States:
Jan:
Brutal suppression of Tompkins Square demonstration in New York
June:
Arrival of Rochefort in New York to lecture; Marx transplants the International to Philadelphia to save it from Bakuninist control
Other:
18 March:
Rochefort, Pain, Grousset and others escape from New Caledonia
Date: 1875
France:
Work begins on the basilica of the Sacré-Coeur in Montmartre; publication of Zola’s
L’Assommoir
and Verne’s
Mysterious Island
; threat of war with Germany sees mass purchase of cavalry horses
Russia:
Hundreds of young radicals kept in prison in terrible conditions without trial
Britain:
Foundation of Manhood Suffrage League by Frank Kitz
Other European:
Spain:
Malatesta to assist in anarchist prison breakout
Bulgaria:
Confrontation looms between Britain and Russia
United States:
Dec:
Chaikovsky arrives in New York, having travelled via Lavrov in London; height of Molly Maguire activities, infiltrated by Pinkertons
Other:
Britain buys shares in bankrupt Suez Canal
Date: 1876
France:
First of nineteen volumes of Elisée Reclus’
Universal Geography
published
Russia:
3 March
: Violence around funeral of Pavel Chernyshev in St Petersburg
June:
Kropotkin escapes prison in St Petersburg and flees to England
Dec:
Demonstration in Square of Our Lady of Kazan, many arrests; Dr Cyon sent to Paris as special councillor
Britain:
Other European:
Kravchinsky leaves Russia to fight in Bosnia-Herzegovina against Turks; Turks brutally suppress risings in Bosnia, Serbia, Bulgaria