Authors: Dana Goldstein
The Teacher Wars (51 page)
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Dana Goldstein comes from a family of public school educators. She received the Spencer Fellowship in Education Journalism, a Schwartz Fellowship at the New America Foundation, and a Puffin Foundation Writing Fellowship at the Nation Institute. Her journalism is regularly featured in
Slate, The Atlantic, The Nation, The Daily Beast
, and other publications, and she is a staff writer at the Marshall Project. She lives in New York City.
An oil portrait of Catharine Beecher, c. 1830, when she was alreadyâin her early thirtiesâAmerica's first media-darling school reformer. American teaching had been a largely male profession, but as Beecher recruited well-bred young East Coast women to become pioneer teachers in the West, she helped transform teaching into acceptable work for middle-class ladies. She attacked male teachers as “intemperate â¦Â coarse, hard, unfeeling men, too lazy or stupid” to educate America's children.
(Harriet Beecher Stowe Center, Hartford, Connecticut)
A daguerreotype of Horace Mann, c. 1844, when he was the nation's first state secretary of education, in Massachusetts. Mann realized employing female teachers would save taxpayers millions of dollars due to women's lower wages. He idealized female educators not as academics but as “celestial” public servants motivated by Christian faith and moral purity.
(Massachusetts Historical Society)
An 1848 portrait of Susan B. Anthony, when she was a twenty-eight-year-old teacher at the Canajoharie Academy in upstate New York. She proudly wrote home about this plaid dress, wondering if her sisters, who did not earn their own wages, did not “feel rather sad because they are married and can not have nice clothes.” Anthony would soon travel across New York State organizing female teachers to demand equal pay.
(Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, University of Rochester)
Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1856 with her daughter Harriot. Stanton was a wealthy woman who educated her seven children at home. She disdained the teaching profession as “a pool of intellectual stagnation” and hoped young women would soon be able to pursue more prestigious careers in law, medicine, and the clergy.
(Library of Congress)
Charlotte Forten in 1860 at the age of twenty-three. An affluent black woman born free in Philadelphia, Forten volunteered to teach in a one-room schoolhouse for emancipated slaves in the South Carolina Sea Islands. She helped inaugurate a tradition of privileged, highly educated African Americans serving the race through teaching. Forten called her time on St. Helena Island “a strange, wild dream”âone that challenged many of her pious preconceptions about lifting her people out of dependence and poverty.
(Getty Images)
Emancipated slaves working with cotton at Port Royal in the South Carolina Sea Islands, 1862. As part of the Port Royal Experiment, the Union initially offered the freedmen communal ownership of their former owners' land. But President Andrew Johnson ended the project in 1866, allowing former slave owners to return and reclaim their property. Many of the students Charlotte Forten taught became sharecroppers.
(Library of Congress)
W. E. B. Du Bois, the pioneering theorist and historian of African American education, who taught for one summer in a rural, black public school. He believed black teachers should be part of the college-going “talented tenth,” writing that teachers must “be broad-minded, cultured men and women, to scatter civilization among a people whose ignorance was not simply of letters, but of life itself.” In 1901 his critique of Booker T. Washington and strict vocational tracking for black children cost Du Bois an appointment to lead the colored public school system in Washington, D.C.
(Library of Congress)
Margaret Haley, leader of the nation's first teachers-only union, the Chicago Teachers Federation, founded in 1897. Called a “lady labor slugger” and accused of leading teachers and children into “sedition” and “revolt,” Haley understood that through an alliance with male, blue-collar organized labor, female teachers could better advocate for equal pay, the vote, and increased school funding.
(Chicago History Museum)
Ella Flagg Young, c. 1810â1815, when she was the superintendent of the Chicago public schoolsâthe first woman in the United States to lead an urban education system. Young began her career as a teacher and fought vocational tracking based on IQ scores. Inspired by her mentor John Dewey, she argued, “In order that teachers may delight in awakening the spirits of children, they must themselves be awake”âmeaning intellectually engaged and empowered by their work.