THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES (144 page)

70
. Hans Mark, “Pentagon Official Touts Sea-Based Missile Defense,”
Aerospace Daily
, September 1, 1999, 344.

71
. Eisenhower,
Crusade in Europe
, 260.

1
. Machiavelli,
Discoursi
(Modern Library, 1950), 104.

2
. Bodin, 200.

3
. See Hume's remark that the “greatness of the state” and “the happiness of its subjects” had become interdependent. David Hume, “Of Commerce,” in
Essays, Morals, Political and Literary
(Oxford University Press, 1963), 1753.

4
. Pole,
Political Representation in England
, 441.

5
. Burke and Napoleon, Lenin and Wilson: how surprised they might be that, in retrospect, they were struggling to give pre-eminence to the same constitutional order.

6.
See Charles Tilly,
European Revolutions
, 1492 – 1992 (Blackwell, 1993), which focuses on the role of revolution in state formation. See also Michael Richards, “How to Succeed in Revolution without Really Trying,”
Journal of Social History
28 (1995): 883.

7
. Howard, “War and the Nation State,” in
The State
, ed. Stephen Graubard (Norton, 1979), 101 – 110.

8
. Geoffrey Parker, “Continuity and Change in Western Geopolitical Thought during the Twentieth Century,”
International Social Science Journal
43 (1991): 21.

9
. Friedberg, “The Future of American Power,” 1.

10
. Anthony Giddens,
The Nation State and Violence
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).

11
. Peter Mancias,
The Death of the State
(New York: Putnam, 1974).

12
. D. Beetham, “The Future of the Nation-State,” in
The Idea of the Modern State
, ed. Gregor McLennan, David Held, and Stuart Hall (Open University Press, 1984), 208 – 222.

13
. Hans Mark in his commencement address at St. Edwards University, Austin, Texas, Saturday, May 8, 1993.

14
. See John Lynn, “Clio in Arms: The Role of the Military Variable in Shaping History,”
Journal of Military History
55 (1991): 83 – 95. See also Charles Tilly,
Coercion, Capital, and the European States, A.D. 90 – 1990
(Blackwell, 1990); David Kaiser,
Politics and War: European Conflict from Philip II to Hitler
(Harvard University Press, 1990); Brian M. Downing,
The Military Revolution and Political Change in Early Modern Europe
(Princeton University Press, 1991); Geoffrey Parker,
The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500 – 1800
(Cambridge University Press,
1988); and David Ralston,
Importing the European Army: The Introduction of European Military Techniques and Institutions into the Extra-European World, 1600 – 1914
(University of Chicago Press, 1990); Jeremy Black,
War and the World: Military Power and the Fate of Continents, 1450 – 2000
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).

15
. See e.g. Norman Angell,
The Great Illusion: A Study of the Relation of Military Power to National Advantage
(Heinemann, 1910); Arthur Nussbaum,
A Concise History of the Law of Nations
(Macmillan, 1947), 238 – 247.

16
. Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?”
Foreign Affairs
72 (1993): 22.

17
. “Insights and Action Items for U.S. Global Relations in the 21st Century,”
Report of the Project on the Future of Global Relations
, 1997.

18
. Bill Clinton, “Remarks on the Reinventing Government Initiative,”
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents
, vol. 30, 1994, 1763.

19
. Bill Clinton, “Remarks to the Joint Session of the Louisiana State Legislature in Baton Rouge, Louisiana,”
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents
, vol. 32, 1996, 969.

20
. Ibid.

21
. Bill Clinton, “Address before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union,”
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents
, vol. 33, 1997, 136.

22
. Bill Clinton, “Inaugural Address,”
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents
, vol. 33, 1997, 60. Nor is the executive the only branch of government leading the movement toward the market-state in the United States. As Mark Tushnet has observed, the U.S. Supreme Court's “federalism decisions are the most obvious examples….
United States v. Lopez
, which struck down the Gun-Free Zones Act as beyond the power given Congress in the Commerce Clause;
Printz v. United States
, which invalidated the Brady Handgun Control Act because it forced state executive officials to implement a national program;
City of Boerne v. Flores
, which invalidated the Religious Freedom Restoration Act for exceeding the scope of Congress's power to remedy court-identified violations of the Free Exercise Clause; and a series of deci-sions restricting Congress's ability to impose retroactive monetary liability on states because such remedies violated the Eleventh Amendment.” Mark V. Tushnet, “The Supreme Court 1998 Term, Foreword: The New Constitutional Order and the Chastening of Constitutional Aspiration,” 113
Harvard Law Review
26 (1999).

1
. See Machiavelli's chapters in
The Prince
on “dangling the carrot” and “brandishing the stick” for a view of the state in strategic terms, i.e., those that aim for collective aggrandizement with, in principle, no limits. See Niccolò Machiavelli,
The Prince
, Chapters XV and XVII. Clifford Orwin, “Machiavelli's Unchristian Charity,”
American Political Science Review
72 (1978): 1217 – 1228.

2
. Stanley Hoffmann, “Politics among the Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace,”
The Atlantic
, November 1985, 134.

3
. Michael Howard,
The Causes of War and Other Essays
, 27.

4
. Philip Bobbitt, Three Dogmas of Sovereignty.

5
. Carl von Clausewitz,
On War
, 75.

6
. Hedley Bull, “The Emergence of a Universal International Society,” in
The Expansion of International Society
, ed. Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (Oxford University Press, 1984), 117.

7
. Montesquieu,
Oeuvres Complétes
, vol. 2 (Gallimard, 1951), 237.

8
. “Barbarus” is the Latin word for foreigner.

9
. Murray Forsyth, “The Tradition of International Law,” in
Traditions of International Ethics
, ed. Terry Nardin and David R. Mapel (Cambridge University Press, 1992), 24.

10
. Ibid.

11
. Adam Watson,
The Evolution of International Society
, 8. The most important of these limitations arises from the constitutional order of the State because this governs strategy, which is the exercise of the state's power abroad.

12
. Anne-Marie Slaughter, “The Real New World Order,”
Foreign Affairs
76 (1997): 183, 195.

1
.
The Intimate Papers of Colonel House
, vol. 1, 16.

2
. Ibid., 45.

3
. Ibid., 46.

4
. Ibid., 62.

5
. Ibid., 126.

6
.
Profiles in Power: Twentieth Century Texans in Washington
, ed. Kenneth E. Hendrickson, Jr., and Michael L. Collins (Harlan Davidson, 1993), 5.

7
.
Intimate Papers of Colonel House
, vol. 1,114.

8
. B. W. Huebsch letter, House Files, Yale University.

9
. Ibid.

10
.
Portland
(Maine)
Evening Telegram, November
30, 1912.

11
.
Dallas Morning News
, December 30, 1912.

12
.
Hartford Courant
, December 13, 1912.

13
.
Trenton Advertiser,
January 5, 1913.

14
.
Philadelphia Public Ledger
, January 12, 1913.

15
. “Literary Gossip,”
Los Angeles Times
, February 2, 1913.

16
.
Cincinnati Enquirer
, December 12, 1912.

17
.
The New York Times
, January 26, 1913.

18
.
Los Angeles Times
, February 2, 1913.

19
.
Philadelphia Public Ledger
, January 27, 1913; see also
LaFollette's
, Madison, Wisconsin, March 29, 1913.

20
.
Chicago Record Herald
, November 28, 1912.

21
.
Zion's Herald
, February 19, 1913, Boston: “It would be much more interesting to know. For after all, it makes a difference who says a thing.”

22
.
Los Angeles Times
, March 30, 1913.

23
. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, January 18, 1913: the “story is rather amateurish in places,”
Chicago News
, January 18, 1913.

24
. Walter Lippmann, “America's Future Pictured in a Decidedly Quaint Novel,”
New York Times Book Review
, December 8, 1912, 4.

25
. Franklin K. Lane,
The Letters of Franklin K. Lane
, ed. Anne Wintermute Lane and Louise Herrick Wall (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1922).

26
. Daniel P. Moynihan,
On the Law of Nations
(Harvard University Press, 1990), 1.

27
. “Why We Went to War: President Wilson's Famous Address at the Opening of the War Congress, April 2, 1917,” in
President Wilson's Great Speeches and Other History Making Documents
(Stanton and Van Vliet, 1919), 17.

28
. See Joyce Williams,
Colonel House and Sir Edward Grey: A Study in Anglo-American Diplomacy
(University Press of America, 1984), 22 – 29.