The Republic and The Laws (Oxford World's Classics) (40 page)

ATILIUS CALATINUS, AULUS
: consul 258 and 254, dictator 249, he was a famous general in the first Punic war (264–41).
R.
1. 1; L. 2.
28
.

ATTICUS, TITUS POMPONIUS
: see Introd. p. xxiv.

ATTUS NAVIUS
: a famous augur in the time of Tarquinius Priscus; see Livy 1. 36 with Ogilvie’s note.
R.
2. 36; L. 2.
33
.

AULUS ATERNIUS
: in about 454, with his fellow consul, Spurius Tarpeius, he brought in a law regulating fines and deposits.
R.
2.
60
.

BRUTUS, DECIMUS JUNIUS
: consul 138 with Scipio. For his opposition to the tribunes see Curiatius, below. He campaigned successfully in Spain and used the spoils to erect public buildings. Later, in 129, he was responsible for Tuditanus’ victory in Illyria. Patron of the poet Accius. L. 2. 54; 3,
20
.

BRUTUS, LUCIUS JUNIUS:
consul in 509 after the expulsion of King Tarquinius Superbus (Livy 1. 56–60).
R.
2.
46
.

BUSIRIS
: mythical king of Egypt who slaughtered all foreigners entering the country.
R.
3.
15
.

CAECILIUS STATIUS
: came to Italy as a prisoner of war from northern Italy in 223. Wrote over forty Roman comedies which brought him great prestige. Died in 168.
R.
4.
11
.

CALATINUS
: see Atilius.

CALCHAS
: mythical Greek seer in the period of the Trojan war. L. 2. 33.
CAMILLUS, MARCUS FURIUS
: he subdued the Etruscan town of Veii in 396, but incurred the hostility of the plebs for his disposition of the spoils and was later sent into exile. He raised an army, however, and defeated the Gauls, who were departing after sacking Rome in 390. He then recovered the gold with which the Romans had bought off the invaders.
R.
1. 6.
CANULEIUS, GAIUS
: as tribune in 445, he introduced a bill allowing intermarriage between patricians and plebeians.
R.
2.
63
.

CARBO, GAIUS PAPIRIUS
: a pro-Gracchan tribune in 131, he carried a law extending the secret ballot to legislative assemblies. An energetic opponent of Scipio. L. 3.
35
.

CARBO, GNAEUS PAPIRIUS
: when he was tribune in 92, his actions led the Senate to place responsibility for disorder at a meeting on the presiding official. He fought in the Italian war, supported Cinna, and was consul with Marius in 82. He perished in Sulla’s proscriptions. L. 3.
42
.

CARNEADES:
214–129. He became head of the Academy some time before 155. His analytical powers enabled him to present strong arguments against belief in providence, prophecy, and fate.
R.
3.
8
.

CARTHAGINIANS
: as they were Phoenician colonists, it is sometimes hard to distinguish them from the Phoenicians of the homeland, as in
R.
3.7 and 15. They were Rome’s chief rival from 264 to 146.
R.
1. 1, 42; 2. 42, 67; 3. 7, 15; 6.
11
.

CASSIUS LONGINUS RAVILLA, LUCIUS
: as tribune in 137 he carried a law which decreed that in public trials votes should be registered by secret ballot.
L.
3. 35, 36,
37
.

CASTOR AND POLLUX
: twin sons of Leda and Zeus, often called the Dioscuri. Their cult came to Rome because they were supposed to have intervened on the Romans’ side in the battle against the Latins at Lake Regillus in 496. L. 2.
19
.

CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS THE CENSOR:
234–149, consul 195, censor 184, he was the archetypal high-minded conservative; in war, politics, literature, and scholarship a major figure.
R.
T. T,
27; 2. 1, 2, 3; L. 1. 6; 2.
5
.

CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS:
95–46, great-grandson of the Censor; he was a stern moralist and a resolute champion of the Republic, opposing the insurrection of Catiline and the claims of the powerful generals. In the end he threw in his lot with Pompey, and, rather than surrender to Caesar, committed suicide at Utica in North Africa. L. 3.
40
.

CECROPS:
the mythical founder of Athens. He had a reputation for benevolence, and was credited with the institution of burial and the invention of writing. L. 2.
64
.

CERES
: Roman goddess of grain, identified with the Greek Demeter.
L.
2.
37
.

CICERO, MARCUS TULLIUS
: grandfather of the author.
L.
3.
36
.

CICERO, QUINTUS TULLIUS
: see Introd. p. xxiv.

CHARONDAS
: a lawgiver in Catana, Rhegium, and other Sicilian centres. Most of the reports about him are fictitious.
L.
T.
57; 2.
14
.

CHRYSIPPUS:
c.
280–206, converted from the scepticism of the Academy to Stoicism by Cleanthes, whom he succeeded as Head of the school in 232. A formidable logician and a voluminous writer.
R.
3.
12
.

CILICIANS
: on the south-east coast of Asia Minor. Now part of Turkey.
R.
2. 33; (L. 2. 41).

CLAUDIUS PULCHER, APPIUS
: consul 143, political rival of Scipio and father-in-law of Ti. Gracchus, with whom he served on the agrarian commission.
R.
1.
31
.

CLAUDIUS PULCHER, APPIUS
: brother of Cicero’s enemy, Clodius; consul in 54; he dedicated a book, on augural law to Cicero, with whom he was augur in 50. L. 2.
32
.

CLAUDIUS PULCHER, GAIUS
: consul 177, censor in 169 with T. Gracchus senior. He was unpopular with the knights because he reviewed the membership of the order and sternly controlled their letting of contracts.
R. 6.
2
.

CLAUDIUS PULCHER, GAIUS
: opponent of Saturninus; aedile 99, consul 92. L. 3.
42
.

CLEINIAS
: a Cretan who figures in Plato’s
Laws. L.
1. 15.
CLEISTHENES
: at the end of the sixth century he reorganized the Athenians into ten tribes, each containing a group from the city, the coast, and the hinterland. He also reformed the council, the assembly, and the army, thus creating the democracy of the fifth century.
R.
2. 2; L. 2.
41
.

CLEITARCHUS OF ALEXANDRIA
: after 280 he wrote a history of Alexander’s exploits which was severely criticized but widely read. L. 1.7.
CLEON
: a fifth-century Athenian politician who opposed Pericles. His career was a mixture of success and failure, but in the later tradition he is represented as a vulgar demagogue.
R.
4. n.

CLEOPHON
: an Athenian politician who became ‘leader of the people’ after the restoration of democracy in 410. He opposed making peace with Sparta after the battles of Cyzicus, Arginusae, and Aegospotami. He was finally executed for evading military service.
R.
4.
11
.

CLODIUS
or
CLAUDIUS QUADRIGARIUS, QUINTUS
: a supporter of Sulla. He wrote a history of Rome in at least 23 books from the sack of Rome in 390 down to his own times. L. 1.
6
.

COCLES, HORATIUS
: according to tradition, in 508 he held back the Etruscan army of Porsenna until the Sublician bridge across the Tiber could be demolished. (Livy 2. 10.) L. 2.
10
.

COELIUS ANTIPATER, LUCIUS
: after 121 he wrote a history of the second Punic war in seven books. His style was flamboyant, with speeches, vivid descriptions, and poetic echoes. L. 1.
6
.

COELIUS CALDUS, GAIUS
: tribune in 107, he proposed voting by ballot in trials for treason.
L.
3.
36
.

COLLATINUS, LUCIUS TARQUINIUS
: husband of Lucretia; consul in 509.
R.
2. 46,
53
.

CORNELIAN CLAN
: one of the six clans which, from early times, formed an aristocracy within the patriciate itself.
L.
2. 56,
57
.

CORUNCANIUS, TIBERIUS
: consul in 280, commanded armies against the Etruscans and Pyrrhus. He was the first plebeian pontifex maximus (254–253), and an authority on law. L. 2. 52,

COTTA, LUCIUS AURELIUS
: as praetor in 70, he passed a law by which criminal juries should consist of senators, knights, and financial officials
(tribuni
aerarii).
He supported Cicero against Catiline and during his exile. L. 3.
45
.

CRASSUS, LUCIUS LICINIUS
: b. 140, he was a famous orator, admired by Cicero, who made him the chief speaker in his
De Oratore.
As censor in 92, he had the teaching of rhetoric by Latin instructors banned—an act of political conservatism. L. 3.
42
.

CRASSUS, PUBLIUS LICINIUS
: father-in-law of Gaius Gracchus. He was an important member of the group that opposed Scipio and supported the Gracchi.
R.
1. 31; his wealth is mentioned in 3.
17
.

CURIATIUS, GAIUS
: tribune in 138, during a food shortage he tried in vain to persuade the authorities to buy corn. When troops were being levied for service in Spain, he demanded that each tribune be allowed to exempt ten men. When the consuls Decimus Brutus and Scipio Nasica refused, he imposed a fine and had them put in prison. L. 3.
20
.

CURIUS DENTATUS, MANIUS
: a much revered figure in the austere old Roman mould. He was consul four times. As a general, he led armies to victory over the Senones in the north, the Samnites, Pyrrhus, and the Lucanians in the south. He died in 270.
R.
3. 6, 40; L. 2.
3
.

CYBELE
: the Phrygian mother-goddess associated with Mt. Ida, who presided over crops, medicine, prophecy, and war. In consequence of a prophecy that, if brought to Rome, she would rid the country of the Carthaginians, her cult was imported from Asia Minor in 204; she was given a temple on the Palatine and was served by oriental priests. L. 2.
22
.

CYLON
: an Athenian aristocrat who tried to seize power (632?). When he and his followers were besieged on the Acropolis, he escaped, but his friends were killed, although they had taken refuge at an altar. The guilt for this crime was laid on Megacles and his family, the Alcmaeonidae.
L.
2.
28
.

CYPSELUS
: tyrant of Corinth in the seventh century. His rule is represented as mild or severe, depending on the sources. Herodotus speaks of him banishing his opponents (5. 92). He promoted trade by founding colonies.
R.
2.
34
.

GYRUS THE GREAT
: overthrew Astyages, king of Media, in 549. He then extended his empire to embrace Asia Minor, Babylonia, Assyria, Syria, and Palestine. In spite of his vast power, he had a reputation for wisdom and magnanimity. Best known to the Romans from Xenophon’s biographical novel, the
Cyropedia. R.
1. 43, 44; L. 2.
56
.

DECIMUS VERGINIUS
: (Lucius Verginius, according to Livy in his account of the episode in 3. 44–6). His uncompromising defence of his daughter’s honour led to the second secession of the plebs.
R.
2.
63
.

DEMARATUS
: a Corinthian aristocrat who migrated to Tarquinii, north of Rome, to escape the tyranny of Cypselus. According to tradition he was the father of Tarquinius Priscus. For discussion see Cornell, 124.
R.
2.
34
.

DEMETRIUS OF PHALERUM
: b. c.350, a Peripatetic philosopher who ruled Athens for ten years. Among other measures, he appointed officials to supervise the observance of the laws. He was later librarian in Alexandria.
R.
2. 2; L. 2. 64, 66; 3.
14
.

DIAGONDAS
: an obscure Theban lawgiver. L. 2.
37
.

DICAEARCHUS
: fl. 326–296. A pupil of Aristotle, he wrote voluminously on history, constitutions, literature, philosophy, and geography. L. 3. 14.
DIOGENES OF BABYLON
: e. 240–15 2. Pupil of Chrysippus and teacher of Panaetius, he visited Rome in 155, where he did much to develop interest in Stoicism. L. 3.
13
.

DIONYSIUS
: c.430–367. Tyrant of Syracuse. With Spartan help he held western Sicily against the Carthaginians and extended his influence to southern Italy. His immense power, however precarious (one recalls the sword of Damocles), brought prosperity to Syracuse.
R.
1. 28; 3.
43
.

DOLOPES
: a people of Thessaly in the centre of northern Greece.
R.
2.
8
.

DORIS
: a district in central Greece to the east of Aetolia.
R.
2.
8
.

DRACO
: a legislator who, c.620, gave Athens its first written code. Such was his severity, however, that his laws were said to have been written in blood.
R.
2.
2
.

DUILIUS, GAIUS
: consul 260. As commander of Rome’s fleet, he defeated the Carthaginians off Mylae in north-east Sicily in the first Punic war.
R.
i.
1
.

EGERIA
: a water nymph, worshipped with the Camenae (or Muses) at a spring within a grove outside the Porta Capena. She was said to have given advice to King Numa.
L.
T.
4
.

EMPEDOCLES: C
.493
-C
.433. A Sicilian noble who won fame for his writings (in verse) on natural philosophy and religion.
R.
3.
14
.