The New Old World (97 page)

26
. Caldwell explains that his book is about the problems immigration poses local populations, not the problems of immigrants, real though these are. But since he speculates at some length about the subjective attitudes of Muslims in Europe, it is difficult to see how their objective situations can, by his own logic, be legitimately bracketed.

27
. The phrase is Walter Laqueur's:
The Last Days of Europe
, New York, 2007, p. 100; Caldwell avoids such flourishes, but the general sense is comparable.

28
. The classic statement of this case, yet to be either refuted or surpassed, is to be found Ernest Gellner's essay ‘The Rubber Cage: Disenchantment with Disenchantment', in his
Culture, Identity, and Politics
, Cambridge 1987, pp. 152–65.

29
.
Les métamorphoses de la question sociale
, Paris 1995, passim; for his motivation of the term, p. 15.

30
. If the trope of diversity has supplied long-standing grounds for European self-congratulation, it is noticeable that less often celebrated has been what might be taken as its corollary—mixture. Ranke, as we have seen, expressly warned against it. Only the occasional
esprit fort
risked this more explosive terrain. Galiani stands out: ‘Inconstancy is a physical law of all animal species. Without it, no fertility, no variety, no perfectibility. The immense variety of the nations which have peopled or intermingled in Europe, has made the perfection of our race. The Chinese have stupefied themselves only by their failure to mix with others; since the arrival of the Tartars, they have gained a lot. Here is another strange line of thought':
Correspondance inédite de l'Abbe Ferdinand Galiani
, Vol. II, Paris 1818 [1776–7], p. 272. Not that he was any triumphalist: ‘Long live the Chinese! They are an ancient nation that regards us as children and scoundrels, while we think it a great thing to roam the seas and lands, bringing everywhere war, discord, our ingots, our guns, our bible and our small-pox.' Vol. I, p. 87. In later times, only Madariaga seems to have made a similar move from diversity to hybridity, remarking that perhaps the happy unity of Europe really rested on the crossing of its races, among which were to be numbered Mongols and Jews:
Bosquejo de Europa
, Mexico 1951, pp. 23–4.

31
. Martin Malia, ‘Une nouvelle Europe?',
Commentaire
, Winter 1997/1998, pp. 815–826.

32
. For Machiavelli, the originator of the idea that conflict was a condition of freedom and power, it was the struggles between patricians and plebs that gave the Roman Republic both its liberty and its imperial dynamism––‘Had Rome sought to eliminate the causes of tumults, it would also have eliminated the causes of expansion':
Opere III,
Turin 1997, (ed. Vivanti), pp. 208–17. For Ferguson, the virtues of emulation were pre-eminently martial: ‘Without the rivalship of nations, and the practice of war, civil society itself could scarcely have found an object, or a form':
An Essay on the History of Civil Society
(1767), Cambridge 1995 (ed. Oz-Salzberger), p. 28. For Ranke, see above, p. 494.

33
.
Penser l'Europe
, pp. 37ff.

34
. Tom Nairn,
The Left Against Europe?
, London 1973, pp. 91–93, 145.

35
. Christopher Booker and Richard North,
The Great Deception
, London 2005, p. 540.

36
. For this development, see Alain Supiot, ‘Les Europes possibles',
Esprit
, January 2009, pp. 173–4.

 

 

Abdülhamid II, Sultan
399n
,
400–1
,

Acheson, Dean
13
,
14
,
17

Ackermann, Josef
257

Adak, Hülya
459n

Adams, Henry and Robin
426n

Adams, T.W.
357n

Addison, Paul
19

Adenauer, Konrad
6
,
9–11
,
15
,
17
,
77
,
224
,
244
,
448
,
487

Adorno, Theodor
36
,
221–2
,
263
,
267

Agamben, Giorgio
344–5
,

Agnew, John
321n

Agulhon, Maurice
154
,
184

Ahern, Bertie
59
,
74

Akçam, Taner
404n
,
406n
,
422n
,
460
,
462

Albright, Madeleine
254
,
464

Alchian, Armen
108n

Allum, Felia and Percy
314n

Almirante, Giorgio
334

Althusius
116

Althusser, Louis
143
,
182

Amato, Giuliano
295
,
303

Amelio, Gianni
330n

Amendola, Giorgio
284–5

Amis, Martin
147

Andreotti, Giulio
28–9
,
282
,
288
,
295
,
301–2
,
336–7
,
339

Angelino, Luciano
484n

Annan, Kofi
379–80
,
381
,
385

Applebaum, Anne
40

Arctander O'Brien, William
489n

Ariès, Philippe
184

Ariosto, Stefania
296–7
,
305

Aristotle
110

Aron, Raymond
147
,
152
,
163
,
174
,
187
,
206

Arrighi, Giovanni
307
,
347

Artaud, Antoin
143

Asor Rosa, Alberto
285n
,
341–2
,
344

Attali, Jacques
44

Attalides, Michael
356n
,
371n

Attlee, Clement
18

Aubry, Martine
211
,
213

Auerbach, Erich
420

Aydın, Zülküf
444n

Aznar, José
72
,
305
,
309

B
ă
sescu, Traian
75

Badiou, Alain
213

Bähr, Andreas
459n

Baldwin, Peter
xvin
,
521n

Ball, George
14
,
370

Balladur, Edouard
90
,
169
,
172
,
192

Baltzer, Hermann
409n

Barbacetto, Gianni
288n
,
293n
,
296n
,
347n

Bardakçi, Murat
408n

Barkey, Henri
458n

Barnave, Élie
518
,
519n

Barre, Raymond
153
,
157
,
165

Barroso, José Manuel
72
,
475n

Barthes, Roland
142
,
143
,
147
,
162

Bartlett, Robert
475

Bartolini, Stefano
286n
,
515–18

Basso, Lelio
331n

Bassolino, Antonio
314
,
322

Bataille, Georges
144
,
179

Baumgart, Winfried
409n

Baverez, Nicolas
138
,
186

Bayar, Mahmut Celal
433
,
435
,
436

Bazin, René
144

Beaud, Stéphane
199n

Beauvoir, Simone de
140

Beck, Kurt
253

Beck, Sebastian
414n

Beck, Ulrich
48

Beckett, Margaret
74

Beecher, Jonathan
482n

Belge, Murat
431
,
437
,
460

Bell, Daniel
272

Bell, David
161n

Benda, Julien
496

Benjamin, Walter
221–2
,
267–8
,
345
,
420

Benn, Gottfried
266

Bérégovoy, Pierre
169

Berger, Denis
164n

Berlin, Isaiah
119
,
122

Berlinguer, Enrico
285
,
330
,
336–7

Berlusconi, Silvio
51–2
,
74
,
285–92
,
294
,
296–7
,
299
,
301–6
,
307
,
298–11
,
312
,
313–14
,
315
,
318–4
,
339
,
346
,
349–50

Bertinotti, Fausto
318–19

Besancenot, Olivier
212–13

Besson, Éric
194

Beuve-Méry, Hubert
144
,
146

Beyen, Jan Willem
17

Bildt, Carl
72

Bin Laden, Osama
72

Birand, Mehmet Ali
440n

Birtek, Faruk
421n

Bisky, Lothar
237
,
249–50

Bismarck, Otto von
225
,
230
,
494
,
498

Blair, Tony
59
,
71
,
72
,
75
,
139–40
,
215
,
218–19
,
244
,
303
,
309
,
378
,
380
,
457
,
545

Bloch, Marc
156
,
183
,
497–8

Bloxham, Donald
463
,
467

Blücher, Wipert von
413n

Blum, Leon
195

Bluntschli, Johann Caspar
485–6
,
502–3

Bobbio, Norberto
110
,
331n

Bodei, Remo
328n

Böer, Ingeborg
413n

Bohrer, Karl-Heinz
232
,
234–5
,
266–72
,
272
,
274–5

Boltanski, Luc
183

Boltho, Andrea
520n

Booker, Christopher
540n

Borrelli, Francesco Saverio
302n

Bossi, Umberto
282
,
286
,
290–1
,
299
,
303
,
310
,
317

Bossuat, Gérard
10n

Bossuet, Jacques
143

Bourdieu, Pierre
142
,
143
,
147
,
165
,
171
,
181
,
182–3
,
185
,
200–2

Bouveresse, Jacques
183

Bové, José
182

Brandt, Willy
215
,
219–20
,
225
,
246

Braudel, Fernand
142
,
144
,
147
,
156
,
157
,
182
,
183

Brewin, Christopher
378n

Brezhnev, Leonid
307

Briand, Aristide
496–7

Brockmann, Stephen
269n

Brown, Gordon
238

Brunazzo, Marco
315n
,
316n

Brunn, Gerhard
226n

Burckhardt, Jacob
494–5

Burke, Edmund
477
,
489n

Burschel, Peter
459n

Bush, George
242
,
316
,
380
,
382

Bush, George W.
70
,
72
,
74
,
198
,
457
,
515
,
524
,
542
,
545

Byron, George Gordon (Lord)
278

Cacciari, Massimo
342–5

Cafruny, Alan
132