The Muslim Brotherhood (36 page)

37
  Kamel,
Muthakarat Dr Abdelaziz Kamel, Uthou fi al-Nizam al-Khass
.

38
  Mitchell,
The Society of the Muslim Brothers
, p. 68.

39
  Abdelhalim,
Al-Ikhwan al-Muslimoun. Ahdath Sunat Al-Tareeq. Ru’iah Min al-Dakhil
, Vol. 1 p. 288.

40
  Quoted in Dr Rifat Said,
Al-Irhab al-Mutaeslim
(
Islamicised Terrorism
), Cairo, 2004, Vol. 1, p. 182.

41
  Abdelhalim,
Al-Ikhwan al-Muslimoun. Ahdath Sunat Al-Tareeq. Ru’iah Min al-Dakhil
, Vol. 2, p.469.

42
  Lia,
The Society of the Muslim Brothers
, p. 87.

43
  Quoted in Sayed Khatab, ‘Al-Hudaybi’s Influence on the Development of Islamist Movements in Egypt’, in
The Muslim World
, October 2001.

44
  Lia,
The Society of the Muslim Brothers
, p. 88.

45
  Omayma Abdel-Latif, ‘Nasser and the Brotherhood’, in
Al-Ahram
, 27 June–3 July 2002. Issue No. 592. Available on
http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/592/special.htm

46
  Lia,
The Society of the Muslim Brothers
, p. 117.

47
  It did so by declaring that the Brotherhood was a political party and therefore subject to the law of January 1953 which had abolished all such entities.

48
  Lia,
The Society of the Muslim Brothers
, p. 148.

49
  Barbara Zollner, ‘Prison Talk: The Muslim Brotherhood’s Internal Struggle’, in
International Journal of Middle East Studies
, No. 39 (2007).

50
  Interview with Ibrahim Ghuraiba, Amman, February 2007.

51
  Interview with Dr Issam al-Attar, Aachen, December 2006.

52
  ‘
Al-Ariyan Ya Tahadath An-Nashad Al-Tayar al-Islami bil Jamiat al-Misria
.’ (Al-Ariyan Speaks about the Establishment of the Islamic Current in Egyptian Universities), Ikhwan Online, 8 June 2004. Available in Arabic on
http://www.ikhwanonline.com/Article.asp?ArtID=7008&SecID=270

53
  
Al-Ariyan Ya Tahadath An-Nashad Al-Tayar al-Islami bil Jamiat al-Misria
. (see fn 1, p. 37).

54
  Hossam Tammam,
‘Al-Murawaha Baina al-Hizb wa al-Jama’a … Kaifa yara al-Ikhwan Anfisahum
’ (Oscillating Between Party and Jama’a … How the Ikhwan See Themselves), on Islamismscope, undated.

55
  Abdul Moneim Aboul Fotouh,
Shehadat Abul Futuah
(Abul Futuah’s Testimony), on Islam Online, 15 July 2009. Available in Arabic on
http://islamyoon.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=ArticleA_C&cid=124818730 0655&pagename=Islamyoun%2FIYALayout

56
  Ibid.

57
  Ibid.

58
  ‘
Al-Ariyan Ya Tahadath An-Nashad Al-Tayar al-Islami bil Jamiat al-Misria
.’

59
  Tammam,
Al-Murawaha Baina al-Hizb wa al-Jama’a … Kaifa yara al-Ikhwan Anfisahum
.

60
  Aboul Fotouh,
Shehadat Abul Futuah
.

61
  Aboul Fotouh,
Shehadat Abul Futuah
.

62
  Tammam,
Al-Murawaha Baina al-Hizb wa al-Jama’a … Kaifa yara al-Ikhwan Anfisahum
.

63
  Ibid.

64
  Mohamed Jamal Barot,
Likaila Takoun Dawat Abi Al-Futuah Sarkha fi Waad
. (So That the Call of Abu Futuah Doesn’t Become a Shout in the Valley), Al-Hewar, 12 December 2003. Available in Arabic on
http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=19914

65
  For detailed accounts of the Brotherhood’s experiences in the unions and syndicates see Hesham Al-Awadi,
In Pursuit of Legitimacy: The Muslim Brothers and Mubarak, 1982–2000
, London, 2004; and Carrie Rosefsky Wickham,
Mobilizing Islam: Religion, Activism and Political Change in Egypt
, New York, 2002.

66
  Barot,
Likaila Takoun Dawat Abi Al-Futuah Sarkha fi Waad
.

67
  Interview with Youssef Nada,
Campione
, March 2007.

68
  Salah Abdul Al-Maqsud. Quoted in Al-Awadi,
In Pursuit of Legitimacy: The Muslim Brothers and Mubarak, 1982–2000
, p. 92.

69
  Ibid. p. 39.

70
  Quoted in Meir Hatina, ‘Restoring a Lost Identity: Models of Education in Modern Islamic Thought’, in
British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
, November 2006. Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 179–97.

71
  Tammam,
Al-Murawaha Baina al-Hizbwa al-Jama’a … Kaifa yara al-Ikhwan Anfisahum
.

72
  ‘
Qusat al-Hizb al-wasat bayna al-watani wal Ikhwan.’
(The Tale of the al-Wasat Party between the National Party and the Ikhwan), on Assam Sultan, 3 September 2009. Available in Arabic on
http://www.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=132880

73
  Quoted in parts one through eleven of serialised excerpts from Egyptian Al-Jihad Organisation leader Ayman al-Zawahiri’s book
Knights Under the
Prophet’s Banner
, in
Al-Sharq al Awsat
, 2 December 2001.

74
  Abu Ala Ma’athi,
Hikayati Ma’a Ikhwan Wakasat al-Wasat
(My Story with the Ikhwan and the Tale of Al-Wasat),
Al-Fajr
, 1 January 2006. Available in Arabic on
http://www.alwasatparty.com/modules.php?file=article&name=News&sid=285

75
  Issam Sultan, ‘
Qusat al-Hizb al-wasat bayna al-watani wal Ikhwan’
.

76
  Young Brothers.
The Jerusalem Report
, 18 April 1996.

77
  Salah ‘Abd al-Karim. Quoted in Joshua A. Stacher, ‘Post-Islamist Rumblings in Egypt: The Emergence of the Wasat party’, in
The Middle East Journal
, Summer 2002 Vol. 56 No. 3, p. 415.

78
  Sultan,
Qusat al-Hizb al-wasat bayna al-watani wal Ikhwan
.

79
  Ibid.

80
  Bjørn Olav Utvik, ‘Hizb al-Wasat and the Potential for Change in Egyptian Islamism’, in
Critical Middle Eastern Studies
, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp 293–306, Fall 2005.

81
  Ibid.

82
  Sultan,
Qusat al-Hizb al-wasat bayna al-watani wal Ikhwan
.

83
  These included Sabri Rida of the Port Said Engineers group, Dr Isam Hasan, Associate Professor of the Engineering Department of Cairo University, and Osama Ashraf Abd Al-Rahman, the treasurer of the Aswan Engineers Syndicate among others.

84
  Interview with Mehdi Akef, Cairo, May 2007.

85
  Sultan,
Qusat al-Hizb al-wasat bayna al-watani wal Ikhwan
.

86
  Barot,
Likaila Takoun Dawat Abi Al-Futuah Sarkha fi Waad
.

87
  Stacher, ‘Post-Islamist rumblings in Egypt: the emergence of the Wasat party’, p. 415.

88
  See, for example, Patrick Poole in ‘Symposium: The “Moderate” Muslim Brotherhood?’ in
Front Page Magazine
, 21 December 2007. Available on
http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Read.aspx?GUID=B5E3F96C-FCD9-4D8D-BF40-ADE28BB2D168

89
  Dr Amro al-Shobki, ‘
Mustakbal Jamat Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimeen
’ (The Future of the Muslim Brotherhood), in
Al-Ahram Strategic File
, Year 16, No. 163, May 2006.

90
  Barot,
Likaila Takoun Dawat Abi Al-Futuah Sarkha fi Waad
.

91
  Michael Emerson and Richard Youngs (eds.),
Political Islam and European Foreign Policy Perspectives from Muslim Democrats of the Mediterranean
, Brussels 2007, p. 67.

92
  
Muslim Brotherhood Initiative. On the General Principles of Reform in Egypt
, 2004. Copy provided to author.

93
  Al-Shobki,
Mustakbal Jamat Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimeen
.

94
  The movement’s social base is comprised of a number of Islamic currents within Egyptian society including al-Azharites as well as apolitical religious
groups such as Ansar al-Sunna and Jamiyat al-Sharia who rally around the Ikhwan and who can be mobilised when necessary.

95
  Dr Abdullah Nafisi (ed.),
Haraka Alislamia: Ruiat Mustakablia, Iwarq fi Alnaqd Althati
(The Islamic Movement: Future Vision. A Working Paper in Self-Criticism), Kuwait, 1989. Available in Arabic on
www.alnefisi.com

96
  Al- Awadi,
In Pursuit of Legitimacy: The Muslim Brothers and Mubarak, 1982–2000
, p. 65.

97
  Tammam,
Al-Murawaha Baina al-Hizb wa al-Jama’a … Kaifa yara al-Ikhwan Anfisahum
.

98
  Nathan J. Brown and Amr Hamzawy, ‘The Draft Party Platform of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood: Foray Into Political Integration or Retreat into Old Positions?’, in
Carnegie Papers
, No. 89, January 2008.

99
  Interviews with Ikhwani figures in the UK, 2007 and 2008.

100
Brown and Hamzawy, ‘The Draft Party Platform of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood: Foray Into Political Integration or Retreat Into Old Positions?’

101
Ibid.

102
‘Jumping the Gun’, in
Al-Ahram Weekly
, No. 868, 25–31 October 2007.

103
Brown and Hamzawy, ‘The Draft Party Platform of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood: Foray Into Political Integration or Retreat Into Old Positions?’

104
Akef speaks on internal conflict, elections, and the future.
Al-Masri Al-Youm
. 25 October 2010.

105
http://ww.moheet.com/show_files.aspx?fid=332988

106
Ibid.

107
Ibid.

108
Ibid.

109
Ibid.

110
‘Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood Reportedly Picks New Leader’.
Al-Hayat
, 13 January 2010.

111
Quoted in ‘Continuing on the Path of Qutb: Dr Mohamed Badei, the New Supreme Guide of the Muslim Brotherhood?’,
Investigative Project on Terrorism
, 15 January 2010.

112
The regime’s obvious intention to contain the group was evidenced in part by its 2007 constitutional amendment removing a previous requirement that the elections be monitored by members of the judiciary

1
   Brynjar Lia,
The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt
, Reading, 1998, p. 155.

2
   Dr Umar F. Abd-Allah,
The Islamic Struggle in Syria
, Berkeley, 1983, p. 94.

3
   Ibid., p. 92.

4
   Ibid.

5
   Ibid.

6
   Ibid.

7
   Ibid.

8
   Interview with Mohamed Hasnawi, Amman, February 2007.

9
   Interview with Issam al-Attar, Aachen, December 2006.

10
  Ibid.

11
  Interview with Issam al-Attar, Aachen, December 2006.

12
  Ibid.

13
  Interview with Adnan Saad Eddine, Amman, February 2007.

14
  
Dr Hassan al-Huwaidi, naib al-musrhid al-am yekshif al-mujtamaa: Kusat al-Ikhwan al-muslimeen fi Suria…min an-nasha hata al-manfa
(Dr Hassan Al-Huwaidi, the Deputy of the Supreme Guide reveals to
Al-Mujtamaa
: The Story of the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria from the Beginning Until Exile), in
Al-Mujatmaa
, No. 1741, 3 March 2007.
http://www.almujtamaa-mag.com/Detail.asp?InSectionID=1307&InNewsItemID=217090

15
  Interview with Mohamed Hasnawi, Amman, February 2007.

16
  Maktabat Wahba,
Said Hawa hathihi tajrubati … Wa-hathahi shahadati
(Said Hawa: This is my experience and this is my testimony), Cairo 1987.

17
  
Al-Kharta siassia suria 6
(The Syrian Political Map 6, Ismail Ahmed), in
Al-Hewar
, 26 June 2005.
http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=39999

18
  Hanna Batatu, ‘Syria’s Muslim Brethren’, in
Merip Reports
, November–December 1982.

19
  Ibid.

20
  See:
http://ahmedzaidan.maktoobblog.com

21
  Ismail Ahmed,
Al-Kharta siassia suria 6’
.

22
  Mohamed Jamel Barot,
Yathrab al-jadida, alharakat alislamia alrahna
(
The New Yathrab, The Current Islamic Movement
), London, 1994.

23
  Ibid.

24
  Barot,
Yathrab al-jadida
.

25
  Adnan Saad Eddine,
Mesirat jama’at al-Ikhwan al-Muslimeen fi Suria
(
The Journey of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood
), private publisher, July 1998.

26
  The exact nature of the events that prompted this confrontation is still unclear. According to some sources, a young man from Hamah was killed by the police in 1964 after he beat one of his teachers to death for speaking out against Islam. When he found out about the incident Hadid is alleged to have declared: ‘The boy was a Muslim and the teacher was a disbeliever! His blood is permissible! As for the Muslim, then his blood must be avenged!’ (Sheikh Abdullah Azzam,
The Soul Shall Rise Tomorrow: The Story of Marwan Hadid
, pp. 21–5. Available on
http://forums.islamicawakening.com/showthread.php?t=2222
). This allegedly provoked a major demonstration against the regime. However, other versions have it that
the trouble began when a young schoolboy in Hamah erased the Ba’athist slogan in his classroom and replaced it with the words: ‘The Atheist Ba’ath are Against God!’ (‘A Cure for Sick Brothers’,
Time Magazine
, 1 May 1964). When the boy was sentenced to a year’s hard labour for his actions, a mob of young activists, led by Hadid, reportedly went into the streets. Whichever version is correct, the resulting demonstration against the regime prompted the security services to open fire on the crowd, forcing Hadid and his group to take refuge in the Sultan mosque.