The Mob and the City (54 page)

17
. New York State Crime Commission,
Public Hearings (no. 5)
(New York: n.p., 1953), 3667–70 (testimony of F. X. McQuade).

18
. Ibid., 1343 (testimony of Melvin Krulewitch), 1394 (testimony of Abe Greene).

19
. Senate Boxing Hearings, 104–13 (testimony of Frank Marrone).

20
. Ibid., 62 (testimony of Lew Burston).

21
.
Utica Observer-Dispatch
, August 10, 1958; FBI Report, Joseph Anthony Straci, RG 65 (NARA College Park).

22
.
Life
, May 26, 1952;
Hearings before the Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce: Part 11
, Senate, 82nd Cong., 1st Sess. (1950), 261 (testimony of William Weisberg); Senate Boxing Hearings, 91, 104–11 (testimonies of Harry Stromberg and Frank Marrone).

23
. Don Jordan, quoted in Peter Heller,
“In this Corner…!” 42 World Champions Tell Their Story
(New York: De Capo Press, 1994), p. 362.

24
. Rocky Graziano,
Somebody up There Likes Me: The Story of My Life until Today
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1955), pp. 160–62; Jake La Motta,
Raging Bull: My Story
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1970), p. 80; Marty Pomerantz, quoted in Allen Bodner,
When Boxing Was a Jewish Sport
(Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997), p. 37.

25
. Danny Kapilow, quoted in Bodner,
When Boxing Was a Jewish Sport
, p. 135; Senate Boxing Hearings, 7–19 (testimony of Jake La Motta); La Motta,
Raging Bull
, pp. 159–62;
Brooklyn Eagle
, January 22, 1948.

26
. Kapilow, quoted in Bodner,
When Boxing Was a Jewish Sport
, p. 136; Senate Boxing Hearings, 45–46 (testimony of Joe Louis).

27
.
International Boxing Club of New York, Inc. v. United States
, 358 U.S. 242 (1959); Senate Boxing Hearings, 1394 (testimony of Abe Greene).

28
. Kevin Mitchell,
Jacobs Beach: The Mob, the Fights, the Fifties
(New York: Pegasus Books, 2010), pp. 47–52.

29
.
Life
, June 17, 1946, May 26, 1952; State of New York,
Report of the Joint Legislative Committee on Professional Boxing
(1963), p. 26.

30
. Ibid., 80; Senate Boxing Hearings, 76 (testimony of Sam Richman), 570 (testimony of James Norris); FBN File, Boxers and Managers, August 22, 1956, in Box 148, RG 170 (NARA College Park).

31
. New York State Athletic Commission,
In the Matter of an Inquiry into Alleged Irregularities in the Conduct of Boxing
(December 12, 1955), copy in New York State Library, Albany, NY.

32
.
New York Times
, September 20, 1953;
Brooklyn Eagle
, June 27, 1954; Angelo Dundee,
My View from the Corner: A Life in Boxing
(New York: McGraw Hill, 2008), p. 36.

33
.
Brooklyn Eagle
, January 28, 1947;
Life
, February 10, 1947.

34
. Senate Boxing Hearings, 114–15 (testimony of James P. McShane);
Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics
, 274 (testimony of Valachi);
Corruption in Professional Boxing: Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Affairs, Senate
, 102nd Cong., 2d Sess. (1992), 97 (testimony of Michael Franzese);
Binghamton Press
, January 27, 1947;
Brooklyn Eagle
, January 28, 1947.

35
.
New York Times
, February 11, 1947; Mitchell,
Jacobs Beach
, pp. 1–3.

36
.
International Boxing Club of New York, Inc. v. United States
, 358 U.S. 242 (1959).

37
. Senate Boxing Hearings, 302, 337 (testimony of Truman Gibson), 551–59 (testimony of Norris).

38
.
New York Times
, July 25, 1958, October 31, 1959.

39
.
International Boxing Club of New York, Inc. v. United States
, 358 U.S. at 246.

40
.
New York Times
, September 23, 1959, May 31, 1961.

41
. George Chauncey,
Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940
(New York: Basic Books, 1995), pp. 336–44; Knapp Commission Report, pp. 133–42. Thanks to Lisa Davis and the website
http://bitterqueen.typepad.com
for identifying FBI documents and other primary sources on gay bars cited in this chapter.

42
. Stanley Walker,
The Night Club Era
(New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1933), pp. 215–16;
New York Times
, November 30, 1967, March 23, 1970, August 1, 1977; Steve Ostrow,
Live at the Continental: The Inside Story of the World-Famous Continental Baths; Book One: Bette, Buns and Balls
(Bloomington, IN: Xlibris, 2007), pp. 123–24; interview of John Doe by John O'Brien (ca. 1984), tape AC0375 in ONE National Gay and Lesbian Archives, Los Angeles, CA.

43
. Chauncey,
Gay New York
, pp. 72–86, 327, 450 n. 74.

44
. FBI Report, David Petillo, August 30, 1968, and FBI Report, David Petillo, September 27, 1963, both available at:
http://bitterqueen.typepad.com/friends_of_ours/2010/12/the-fbi-files-david-petillo-did-it-in-drag.html
(accessed May 21, 2013);
Life
, February 28, 1969; Martin Duberman,
Stonewall
(New York: Dutton, 1993), pp. 183–84, 297 n. 15; Donald Goddard,
Joey
(New York: Harper and Row, 1974), pp. 317, 333, 347–48; William Hoffman and Lake Headley,
Contract Killer: The Explosive Story of the Mafia's Most Notorious Hitman Donald “Tony The Greek” Frankos
(New York: Thunder's Mouth, 1993), p. 201.

45
.
New York Times
, December 1, 1934, June 20, 1953; “Queer Doings Net Suspension for Vill. Clubs,”
Billboard
, December 2, 1944; Buddy Kent and Gail, quoted in Lisa E. Davis, “Back in Buddy's Day: Drags Original Lesbians Reflect on Their Heyday,” Xtra.ca, March 1, 2006, available at
http://www.extra.ca//files/02/74/02/f027402/public/printStory.aspx?AFF_TYPE=4&STORY_ID=1427
(accessed May 21, 2013); Tommye and John, quoted in Joe E. Jeffreys, “Who's No Lady? Excerpts from an Oral History of New York City's 82 Club,”
New York Folklore
14, nos. 1–2 (1993): 185–202;
Brooklyn Daily Eagle
, October 29, 1937; see promotional piece for Howdy Club at Lesbian Herstory Archives, Brooklyn, NY; Alan Bérubé,
Coming Out Under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two
(New York: Free Press, 1990), pp. 113–16; Thaddeus Russell,
A Renegade History of the United States
(New York: Free Press, 2010), pp. 234–35.

46
. Postcard of Tony Pastor's Downtown (in possession of the author); “Queer Doings Net Suspension for Vill. Clubs”;
New York Times
, February 27, 1944, November 30, 1967; FBI Report, Activities of Top Hoodlums, October 15, 1959, in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

47
. “Queer Doings Net Suspension for Vill. Clubs”; Condon,
We Called It Music
, p. 8;
New York Times
, March 18, 1967.

48
. Jack Lait and Lee Mortimer,
U.S.A. Confidential
(New York: Crown, 1952), p. 314.

49
. Bertie, quoted in
Alison Owings, Hey, Waitress! The USA from the other Side of the Tray
(Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002), pp. 193–94.

50
. Buddy Kent and Gail, quoted in Lisa E. Davis, “Back in Buddy's Day”; Lyn, quoted in Lillian Faderman,
Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America
(New York: Penguin Books, 1992), pp. 127, 332 n. 19.

51
.
Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics
, 291–92 (testimony of Valachi); Peter Maas,
The Valachi Papers
(New York: Perennial, 2003), p. 231;
New York Times
, June 20, 1953; Davis, “Back in Buddy's Day.”

52
. Terry Noel, quoted in Morgan Stevens, “Special Feature on Terry Noel,” 2005, available at
http://www.queermusicheritage.us/fem-terrynoel.html
(accessed May 21, 2013); Tommye and John, quoted in Jeffreys, “Who's No Lady?” pp. 185–202.

53
. Maas,
Valachi Papers
, pp. 210–12;
New York Times
, June 20, 1953; Charles Scaglione Sr.,
Camelot Lost
(Pittsburgh: RoseDog Books, 2009), pp. 52–53.

54
.
New York Times
, December 17, 1963, February 14, 1965, October 16, 1966, November 30, 1967, January 8, 1970, August 1, 1977; R. Thomas Collins Jr., NewsWalker: A Story for Sweeney (Fairfax, VA: RavensYard, 2002), pp. 119–27;
United States v. Ianniello
, 808 F.2d 184 (2d Cir. 1986); FBI Report on Salvatore Granello, March 26, 1970, in FBI file on Salvatore Granello in RG 65 (NARA College Park), available at
http://bitterqueen.typepad.com/friends_of_ours/2012/09/fbi-files-mob-boss-vito-genovese-protected-serial-child-rapist-salvatore-sally-burns-granello.html
(accessed on May 21, 2013) (hereafter “FBI Report on Granello”);
New York Times
, October 7, 1970.

55
.
People v. DeCurtis
, 331 N.Y.S.2d 214 (N.Y. App. Div. 2d Dept. 1970); Collins,
NewsWalker
, p. 107;
New York Times
, October 7, 1970; Jon Roberts and Evan Wright,
American Desperado: My Life—From Mafia Soldier to Cocaine Cowboy to Secret Government Asset
(New York: Crown, 2011), p. 96; FBI Report on Granello. For other gay bars controlled by the Mafia in the 1950s and ’60s, see Duberman,
Stonewall
, pp. 183, 297 n. 15.

56
. Interview of Chuck Shaheen by Martin Duberman (1991), in Martin B. Duberman Papers, 1917–1997, in New York Public Library, New York, NY; interview of Mary Crawford by Alan Bérubé, February 17, 1983, available at
http://www.glbthistory.org
(accessed May 21, 2013).

57
. Public Broadcasting System,
The Stonewall Uprising
(2010); Kent, quoted in “Back in Buddy's Day.”

58
. FBI Airtel, Mattachine Society, Inc., Internal Security, June 11, 1959, and FBI Airtel, Subject: Mattachine Society, June 19, 1959, both in FBI FOIA File on the Mattachine Society (copy in possession of author);
New York Times
, November 30, 1967.

59
. Duberman,
Stonewall
, pp. 183–85, 297 n. 11; Chuck Shaheen, quoted in David Carter,
Stonewall: The Riots that Sparked the Gay Revolution
(New York: St. Martin's, 2005), pp. 68, 281 n. 19; Lucian K. Truscott IV, “Gay Pride History: The Real Mob at Stonewall,” available at
http://www.throughyourbody.com/gay-pride-history-the-real-mob-at-stonewall/
(accessed May 21, 2013).