Read The Middle Sea: A History of the Mediterranean Online
Authors: John Julius Norwich
Tags: #Maritime History, #European History, #Amazon.com, #History
The Middle Sea: A History of the Mediterranean
Contents
VII The Christian Counter-Attack
XI The Close of the Middle Ages
XII The Fall of Constantinople
XIII The Catholic Kings and the Italian Adventure
XIV The King, the Emperor and the Sultan
XV Barbary and the Barbarossas
XVII Lepanto and the Spanish Conspiracy
XVIII Crete and the Peloponnese
XXVI Mohammed Ali and North Africa
List of Maps
The Eastern Mediterranean
The Western Mediterranean
Malta
Crete
The Reconquest of Spain to the thirteenth century
Southern Italy and Sicily
The Rock of Gibraltar
Gallipoli
Maps by Reginald Piggott
List of Illustrations
1. Sophia Schliemann wearing gold jewellery from the treasure found at Troy, photograph c. 1882 (AKG-images)
2. Phoenician silver coin with the depiction of a Phoenician ship and a hippocamp (National Archaeological Museum, Beirut/AKG/Erich Lessing)
3. The goddess of the serpents, c.
BC
1500, from the Palace of Knossos (Archaeological Museum of Haraklion, Crete/Bridgeman Art Library)
4. Odysseus and the Sirens, Athenian red-figure stamnos vase by the Siren Painter, c.
BC
490 (British Museum, London/Bridgeman)
5. Carved ivory plaque of a lion, Assyrian, c.
BC
800 (British Museum/Bridgeman)
6. Battle scene from the Alexander Sarcophagus, Hellenistic, c.
BC
320 (Archaeological Museum, Istanbul/Bridgeman)
7. Greek bronze sculpture of a warrior with helmet, found in the ocean near Riace, southern Italy, c.
BC
430 (Museo Nazionale, Reggio di Calabria, AKG/Nimatallah)
8. Portrait bust of Pericles, Roman marble copy after a Greek original by Kresilas, c.
BC
440 (Pergamon Museum, Berlin/AKG/Erich Lessing)
9. Portrait bust of Julius Caesar, Roman marble, c.
BC
50 (Museo e Gallerie Nazionali di Capodimonte, Naples/Bridgeman)
10. Funerary portrait of a woman (Brooklyn Museum of Art, New York/Bridgeman) and funerary portrait of a young man (Worcester Art Museum, Massachusetts/Bridgeman). Egyptian, Roman period c. 100
AD
11. Sardonyx cameo commemorating the naval victory of Octavian over Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium,
BC
31 (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna/Bridgeman)
12. Colossal stone head of Emperor Constantine I, c. 320 (Pinacoteca Capitolina, Palazzo Conservatori, Rome/Bridgeman)
13. The Mausoleum of Theodoric, Ravenna, c. 530 (Bridgeman)
14. Detail from the mosaic of the battle of the gladiators against the wildcats, Roman, c. 320 (Galleria Borghese, Rome/Bridgeman)
15. Capital of a column from Haghia Sophia, Istanbul, Byzantine School, 6th century (Bridgeman)
16. Moorish capital from the Generalife, Palace of the Moorish kings built above the Alhambra, Granada, c. 785 (AKG)
17. Interior of the Great Mosque, showing bays of two-tiered horseshoe arches, Cordoba, c. 785 (Bridgeman)
18. Interior of the dome over the mihrab in the Great Mosque, Cordoba, c. 965 (Bridgeman)
19. Minaret of Ibn Tulun Mosque, Cairo, 9th century (Ben Turner/Art Directors and Trip)
20. Detail from the mosaic of Emperor Justinian I with his entourage, San Vitale, Ravenna, 547 (AKG/Nimatallah)
21. The Good Shepherd, mosaic from the Mausoleum of Empress Galla Placidia, Ravenna, mid-5th century (AKG/Erich Lessing)
22. The Three Magi, mosaic, S. Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, 6th century (AKG/Erich Lessing)
23. St Michael the Archangel, Byzantine altar decoration in gold, enamel, precious and semi-precious stones from Constantinople, 12th century, now in San Marco, Venice (AKG/Erich Lessing)
24. Christ crowning King Roger II of Sicily, mosaic, 12th century, Church of the Martorana, Palermo (Bridgeman)
25. Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa and his sons, from the Weingarten Chronicles manuscript, Ms D 11, 12th century (Landesbibliothek, Fulda/Bridgeman)
26. Emperor Alexius I Comnenus, from an illuminated manuscript (Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Rome/Bridgeman)
27. Dome mosaics, including Christ Pantocrator and saints, in the Palatine Chapel, Palermo, 12th century (Rachel Royse/Corbis)
28. Gold mosaics with saints and religious scenes from the walls and ceiling in the Palatine Chapel, Palermo, 12th century (Rachel Royse/Corbis)
29. Mevlana Tekke, Seljuk architecture, Konya, Turkey, 13th century (Bridgeman)
30. Ince Minare Madrasa, Seljuk architecture, Konya, Turkey, 1260-65 (Terry Richardson/Art Directors)
31. Court of the Lions, the Alhambra, Granada, 8th century (Robin Smith/Art Directors)
32. Charles I of Anjou, King of Naples and Sicily, sailing to Rome and his investiture with the Kingdom of Sicily by the Pope in 1265. Illumination from
Les Grandes Chroniques de France
, 1335, Ms. Royal 16 G VI, fol.429v (British Library, London/AKG)
33. Siege of Damietta in 1249, during the crusade led by King Louis IX of France. Illumination from
Les Grandes Chroniques de France
, 14th century, Ms Français 2813, fol.281 (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris/AKG)
34. Frederick II from his manuscript
De arte venandi cum avibus
. Cod. Palatina 1071, 1232 (Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana/AKG)
35. Siege of Acre, during the crusade of King Louis IX of France. Illumination from
Chroniques de France ou de St. Denis
, 1375-1400, Ms Royal 20 C VII, fol.24 (British Library/AKG/Erich Lessing)
36. Crusader assault on Jerusalem in 1099. Illumination from 14th century manuscript, Fr 22495 f.69v (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris/Bridgeman)
37. Saladin’s Army. Illumination from 14th century manuscript, MS Fr 22495 fol.229 (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris/Bridgeman)
38. Mosaic of Christ Pantocrator from the apse of the Cathedral of Cefalù, Sicily, 12th century (AKG/Rainer Hackenberg)
39. Sultan Mehmet II. Turkish school, 15th century (Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul/Bridgeman)
40. Dante and Virgil meet Count Ugolino, canto XXXIII,
Inferno
, part one of
The Divine Comedy
by Dante Alighieri, 1306-21. Manuscript illumination, c. 1350, Ms Palat. 313 fol.77r. (Biblioteca Nazionale, Florence/AKG)
41. Jacques de Molay, Grand Master of the Templars, burnt at the stake in Paris in 1314. Illumination from
Grandes Chroniques de France
, late 14th century, Ms. Royal C VII, fol.48 (British Library/AKG)
42. The conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Sultan Mehmet II, manuscript illumination from Ms Fr 9087 f.207v (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris/AKG)
43. Rumeli Hisar fortress, built by Mehmet II in 1452 on the Bosphorus, Istanbul (Bridgeman)
44. Ferdinand II of Aragon, 1495, copy of a painting by Michiel Sittow (Kunsthisorisches Museum, Vienna/AKG/Erich Lessing)
45. Isabella I of Castile and Leon, 1500, after Juan de Flandes (Patrimonio Nacional, Madrid/AKG/Erich Lessing)
46. Francis I, King of France, c. 1535, by Jean Clouet (Musée du Louvre, Paris/AKG/Erich Lessing)
47. Emperor Charles V, 1533, by Titian (Museo del Prado, Madrid/AKG/Erich Lessing)
48. The Doge Francesco Morosini Pursues the Turkish Fleet, April 1659, Venetian school (Museo Civico Correr, Venice/AKG/Erich Lessing)
49. Turkish forces preparing for battle outside the walls of Rhodes in 1480, from an account written by Guillaume Caoursin and illustrated by the Master of Cardinal of Bourbon, 1483. Lat 6067 f55v. (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris/Bridgeman)
50. Battle of Lepanto, 7th October 1571, contemporary Venetian painting (Museo Civico Correr, Venice/AKG/Erich Lessing)
51. Charles VIII, King of France, 15th century, attrib. to Jean Bourdichon (Musée Condé, Chantilly/Bridgeman)
52. Süleyman I, the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, c. 1530–40, by a Venetian painter from the circle of Titian (Collection Schloss Ambras, Innsbruck/AKG)
53. Philip II, King of Spain, c. 1570, by Alonso Sanchez Coello (Sterling Maxwell Collection, Pollok House, Glasgow/Bridgeman)
54. Francesco Morosini, Doge of Venice, c. 1690, style of Bartolomeo Nazzari (Museo Civico Correr, Venice/AKG/Erich Lessing)
55. The Execution of Admiral Byng, 14th March 1757, 18th century, British School (National Maritime Museum, London)
56. Destruction of ‘L’Orient’ at the Battle of the Nile, 1st August 1798 by George Arnald (National Maritime Museum, London, Greenwich Hospital Collection)
57. Eruption of Vesuvius by Pietro Fabris, plate 3, published as a supplement in 1779 to
Campi Phlegraei: Observations on the Volcanoes of the Two Sicilies
by Sir William Hamilton, published 1776 (Bridgeman)
58. Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples, after Elizabeth Vigée-Lebrun (Musée Condé, Chantilly/Bridgeman)
59. The arrival of Napoleon on the Island of Elba, 4 May 1814, hand-coloured print published by Artaria und Companie, Vienna, 1815 (Corbis)
60. Battle of the Pyramids, 21st July 1798, 1806, by Louis Lejeune (Château de Versailles/Bridgeman)
61. Greece Expiring on the Ruins of Missolonghi, 1826, by Eugène Delacroix (Musée des Beaux-Arts, Bordeaux/Bridgeman)
62. Theodore Kolokotronis, engraving by Alois Senefelder after Giovanni Boggi, 1826 (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris/Bridgeman)
63. George Gordon, Lord Byron, copy c. 1835 by Thomas Philips (National Portrait Gallery, London)
64. The Massacre of Chios, 1824, by Eugène Delacroix (Musée du Louvre, Paris/Bridgeman)
65. Isabella II, Queen of Spain, 1848, by José Guttierez de la Vega (Museo Romantico, Madrid/AKG/Erich Lessing)
66. Alfonso XII, King of Spain, 1876 by Salvador Martinez Cubells (Academia de San Fernando, Madrid/Bridgeman)
67. General Baldomero Espartero, 1842, by Antonio Maria Esquivel (Palacio del Senado, Madrid/Bridgeman)
68. Daniele Manin and Nicoló Tammaseo are Liberated from Imprisonment, 17th March 1848, by Napoleone Nani, 1874 (Pinacoteca Querini-Stampalia, Venice/AKG/Cameraphoto)
69. Garibaldi landing at Marsala (Museo del Risorgimento, Rome/Scala)
70. Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy from 1861, photograph c. 1870 (Coll. Archiv für Kunst und Geschichte, Berlin/AKG)
71. The inauguration procession of the Suez Canal at El-Guisr, engraving by Jules Didier from
Voyage Pittoresque à Travers l’Isthme de Suez
by Marius Fontane (Bibliothèque des Arts Décoratifs, Paris/Bridgeman)
72. Map of the Suez Canal accompanied by different views and portraits of Ferdinand de Lesseps and Ismail Pasha, 1869 (Bibliothèque des Arts Décoratifs, Paris/Bridgeman)
73. Turkish soldiers on horseback march down the streets of Constantinople before leaving to defend Libya against the invading Italians in 1911 (Getty Images)
74. Troops landing on the beach at Gallipoli, Turkey, 15 October 1915 (Bettmann/Corbis)
75. Eleftherios Kyirakos Venizelos. Engraving from
Le Petit Journal, Supplement Illustré
, Paris, 1916 (Coll. Archiv für Kunst und Geschichte, Berlin/AKG)
76. Sultan Abdul-Hamid II, c. 1890 (Coll. Archiv für Kunst und Geschichte, Berlin/AKG)
77. Field-Marshal Edmund Allenby in Jerusalem, after its capture by British troops on 9 December 1917 (AKG)
78. Kemal Atatürk. c. 1925 (AKG)
79. Prince Faisal and delegation at the Versailles peace conference in 1919 (Bettmann/Corbis)
80. French Premier Georges Clemenceau, American President Woodrow Wilson and British Prime Minister David Lloyd George after signing the Treaty of Versailles, June 1919 (Getty Images)
The author and the publisher have made every effort to trace the holders of copyright in illustrations and text quotations. Any inadvertent errors or omissions can be corrected in future editions.