The Mafia Encyclopedia (72 page)

BOOK: The Mafia Encyclopedia

5.18Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub

ads

Page 203

Lansky truly had the first and last word in organized crime. When the Big Six dominated the syndicate in the 1940s and 1950s, Lansky voted and all the others followed. Greasy Thumb Guzik from Chicago thought Lansky the genius of the age. Tony Accardo marveled at the money Lansky brought in. Longy Zwillman, head of the New Jersey rackets, followed Lansky's lead at all times. Ditto Frank Costello, who was Lansky's partner in New Orleans, Las Vegas and elsewhere. And Joey Adonis was under strict orders from the deported Lucky Luciano to "listen to Meyer." The voting usually went six-zip Lansky.

Everybody listened to Meyer because it paid. If they listened well, he might, for instance, give them a slice of the pre-Castro Cuban action. Lansky cut in Chicago, Detroit, New Jersey, New York. When the Trafficantes of Tampa tried to go in big on their own in Cuba, Lansky used his Batista connection to squash the move. Then he gave them a slice, smaller than what many other mafiosi got. That was Lansky's way. Jack Dragna, the Los Angeles Mafia boss, once tried to use muscle on Lansky to get a piece in Las Vegas. Lansky talked him in circles, got him up on tiptoes, and then not only didn't kiss him but gave him nothing. It was Lansky's way.

Despite a rash of publicity during the last decade of his life, Lansky remained the most shadowy of the organized crime leaders. Although Luciano technically held the title, Lansky was regarded as equal and perhaps superior to Luciano as the godfather of organized crime as it emerged in the 1930s. Together, they were the successors of the warring Prohibition gangs as well as of the old-line Mafia, headed by the so-called Mustache Petes (particularly, Joe the Boss Masseria and Salvatore Maranzano). And the Mafia as it exists today, owes as much to the Jewish Lansky as to the Sicilian Luciano for its shape and prosperity.

The aging "Jewish godfather of the Mafia," Meyer Lansky (holding hat)
was much harassed by the law but seldom convicted. His death in 1983 left a gaping
hole in the competent leadership of the national syndicate.

Page 204

They were the perfect match: the well-read, even studious Lansky, who could survey all the angles of a given situation, and the less-than-erudite Luciano (he could make out the
New York Daily News
or
Daily Mirror
but he freely admitted the
New York Times
threw him), who made up for his limitations with a brilliant flair for organization and the brutal character to set any plan in motion.

Through the years Lansky built an image of being alien to violence, but it was a myth. In the 1920s he and Bugsy Siegel organized the Bug and Meyer Gang, which some described as the most violent of the Prohibition mobs in the East. They worked alternately as liquor hijackers and protectors of booze shipments for bootleggers willing to meet their prices, which were so exorbitant that it amounted to extortion.

Bug and Meyer muscle was also available for "slammings" and rubouts for a fee and was the forerunner of Murder, Inc., the enforcement troop of the national syndicate. Many Bug and Meyer graduates, in fact, moved into Murder, Inc., in the 1930s; Lansky had as much to do with the forming of that outfit as anyone. He proposed the enforcers be put under the command of a triumvirate composed of Louis Lepke, Albert Anastasia and Bugsy Siegel. Other leaders of the emerging national crime syndicate objected to the kill-happy Siegel, feeling he would be too loyal to Lansky and would give Lansky too powerful a hold on the apparatus of the extermination crew should the confederation fall apart in a war of extermination. Lansky agreed to drop Siegel from the murder troop, but his influence was not dented. It was said that no major assignment for Murder, Inc., ever went forward without Lansky being consulted. That was true even in the elimination of Siegel in 1947 for spending or stealing too much of the syndicate's money in his Las Vegas hotel operation. "I had no choice," Lansky was quoted as telling friends, but others insisted he had pushed hard for the vote to kill his close friend. He did suggest the mob hold off execution for a time, though, while pressure was exerted on Siegel to produce profits from his Las Vegas ventures. It was Lansky's way.

Both Luciano and Lansky independently said that they had planned the formation of a new syndicate as early as 1920, when Luciano was in his early 20s and Lansky was only 18. They were greatly influenced in this by the older Arnold Rothstein, the great gambler, criminal "brain" and mentor who, acting on his own plan for a national syndicate, nurtured Lansky's and Luciano's development. Rothstein's murder in 1928 shortened what the pair may have considered too long an apprenticeship. Lansky and Luciano together survived the crime wars of the 1920s by cunning alliances, eliminating one foe after another, even though they lacked the manpower and firepower of other gangs. When they effected the assassinations first of Masseria and then Maranzano, they stood at the pinnacle of power in the underworld. Even Al Capone realized they were more powerful than he.

In remarks attributed to Luciano, he once explained, "I learned a long time before that Meyer Lansky understood the Italian brain almost better than I did.... I used to tell Lansky that he may've had a Jewish mother, but someplace he must've been wet-nursed by a Sicilian." Luciano often said Lansky "could look around corners," or anticipate what would happen next in underworld intrigues, and that "the barrel of his gun was curved," meaning he knew how to keep himself out of the line of fire. Through the years that was Lansky's way.

Lansky never begrudged Luciano his top role, realizing that the title brought the clear dangers of notoriety and, no matter how many payoffs were made, the hazard of being the target of the law. It was also necessary to sell Luciano as the top man in order to win the support of the Italian mobsters. Lansky had fewer difficulties selling Jewish mobsters like Zwillman or Moe Dalitz, or even the often unpredictable Dutch Schultz, on the value of syndication; they understood the profits involved. The Italian mafiosi were different, many cut adrift by the war of survival that had just been concluded. Lansky told Luciano: "A lot of these guys need something to believe in." He urged Luciano to keep some of the old-style Mafia trappings used by the Mustache Petes. Luciano had no patience for the nonsense of "made men" and blood oaths but agreed to let those who wanted such rituals have them. He did eliminate the position of "boss of bosses"and immediately, as Lansky anticipated, gained that position de facto. At Lansky's suggestion the organization took the name of Unione Siciliano, a corruption in spelling of the old fraternal organization. Eventually Luciano just called it the "outfit" or the ''combination." Luciano imbued in his men that all the traditions really meant little, that the important thing was money-making. (In time, though, Luciano saw the merits of the structure of the Italian wing; it gave him a power base and cemented that power. Even when imprisoned for a decade, his support never eroded and he could issue orders and have his revenues set aside for him.)

As late as 1951, when his name surfaced during the investigation of bookmaking czar Frank Erickson, the
New York Times
, with one of the most reliable news libraries in the world, did not know exactly who Meyer Lansky was. The newspaper identified him as "Meyer (Socks) Lansky," evidently mistaking him for Joseph (Socks) Lanza, the waterfront racketeer. During the Kefauver investigation (19501951) into

Page 205

crime, Lansky was considered so unimportant that he was not even called as a witness to testify. The committee did not even mention him in its first two interim reports. Only in the final report did the investigators correct their oversight and announce: ''Evidence of the Costello-Adonis-Lansky operations was found in New York City, Saratoga, Bergen County, N.J., New Orleans, Miami, Las Vegas, the west coast, and Havana, Cuba."

Lansky was revealed as "the brains of the combination." The "little man" became acknowledged as the one who held together Luciano's crime empire while he was behind bars. Lansky was the money man trusted to hide or invest millions for the syndicate, and he saw to it that Luciano got his share of the profits even after he was deported to Italy. It was Lansky who opened up what was for a time the syndicate's greatest source of income, gambling in Havana. He alone handled negotiations with dictator Fulgencio Batista for a complete monopoly of gambling in Cuba. Lansky was said to have personally deposited $3 million in a Zurich, Switzerland, bank for Batista and arranged to pay the ruling military junta, namely Batista, 50 percent of the profits thereafter.

In the rise and fall of underworld fortunes, Lansky was immune to replacement because he was too valuable to lose. Thus, he could agree with Vito Genovese that Albert Anastasia should die and then later he could take part in a fantastic conspiracy that delivered Genovese himself to the feds. Despite this duplicity, Lansky faced no retribution.

Lansky's arrest record over the years was bushleague stuff and it was not until 1970 that the federal government made a concerted effort to get him on income tax charges. Lansky had skimmed untold millions out of Las Vegas casinos which the syndicate secretly owned. The government also sought to deport him as an undesirable alien. In 1970, Lansky fled to Israel where so many of his Jewish underworld associates had retired. Lansky claimed Israeli citizenship under the Law of Return, which accorded citizenship to anyone born of a Jewish mother. Lansky poured millions of dollars into the country to win public support, but he proved an embarrassment to the Israeli government. Law enforcement officials warned that Lansky was not retiring from organized crime but would use Israel as a base of operations. After a long battle in the courts and bitter debate by the public, Lansky was forced to leave Israel in 1972.

In 1973, after undergoing open-heart surgery, Lansky was put on trial in Miami on the income tax charges that had worked so well against many crime bigwigs since Al Capone. It was a disaster for the government; Lansky was acquitted. In December 1974, the federal government gave up its efforts to put the then 72-year-old organized crime legend behind bars.

Lansky maintained his position in the syndicate right to the very end. In the early 1970s his personal wealth was estimated at around $300 million and by 1980 it must have grown to at least $400 million. Some profilers have tried to explain Lansky's continuing to make money as an indication of his inner need for power and the ability to exercise it. They tend to overlook the more simple explanation: Lansky felt a man could never have too much. His drive was always for more.

However, in 1991 a British writer, Robert Lacey, published
Little Man
in which he insisted Lansky died hard up. The theory gained few supporters. A
New York Times
reviewer found the book "banal" and dismissed Lacey's claim that criminal investigators never pinned anything substantial on Lansky. "But such evidence proves exactly the opposite point, argue those who insist Meyer Lansky was a criminal mastermind who left behind a vast secret fortune. No one ever laid a finger on Lansky precisely because he left no fingerprints anywhere. The more you argue there was no fortune, the more you prove there has to have been," continued the article.

Similarly, Lacey's theory would mean that Lansky, who had shown such men as Huey Long and Fulgencio Batista of Cuba the joys of foreign numbered accounts, neglected to set up anything for himself out of the millions he admittedly accumulated.

Lansky had created organized crime in its syndicate form, but he was never interested in creating any dynasty. His children and wife were kept totally away from mob business. And he looked for no successor. In that sense Lansky was the quintessential Jewish-American mobster. They either stayed until they died or else they sold out their positions in the rackets and went into retirement.

Meyer Lansky had outlived Lucky Luciano by 20 years but, in the end, Luciano's handiwork in the national crime syndicatethe American Mafiawas the portion that survived, simply because it was a structure, an apparatus that needed running, that automatically filled all vacancies because it remained a money-making machine. Yet Lansky in large measure created the American Mafia and was its real godfather.

See also:
Jewish Mafia; Las Vegas
.

Lanskyland: Florida Jewish community
The area around Hallandale and Gulfstream Park Racetrack in Florida is still referred to by many residents as "Lanskyland," after Meyer Lansky. It cannot be denied that the Jewish retirees of the area still recall Lansky (who died in 1983) with a certain warmth, an attitude

Page 206

that is interesting when compared with the Italian-American attitude, which is often anger at the mere mention of the Mafia as a real entity. American Jews, having escaped the ghettos that made their ethnic group one of the main reservoirs of manpower during the foundation of the crime syndicate, are assured enough not to feel tarnished by Lansky, and indeed are unconcerned by his later-life claims that he was being persecuted as a Jew and, worse still, that "anti-Semites have used my name to attack Jews."

The Lansky folklore remains potent in the area. They talk of his Colonial Inn where so many members of the respectable world came to gamble illegally in Floridajudges, senators, big businessmen and, according to Lansky himself, such individuals as Joseph Kennedy (four or five times a week) and Secretary of Defense James V. Forrestal. In the very heart of Lanskyland, there is now a shopping mall off Hallandale Beach Avenue, erected on the site of another Lansky casino, the old Plantation Club. In the shopping mall there is a bookstore where, as author Hank Messick notes with some pride, literally thousands of copies of his biography,
Lansky
, sold. After Lansky was returned from Israel in 1972, the bookstore had another run on the book and sold out all over again.

The attitudes of Lanskyland inhabitants offer a significant insight into the theory of ethnic succession in organized crime (a theory that in the main is far off the mark). The Jews no longer feel their ethnic group plays an important role in organized crime, and when the last few activists departedmen like Moe Dalitz, for examplethey left no successors. Thus Lanskyland and its memories merely harken back to another day in Jewish-American historybitter perhaps in the experience of somebut one of fading impact.

There can be no Lanskylands for Italian Americans while the Mafia thrives. And it continues to thrive and, indeed, continues to expand its hold over organized crimedespite the claims of a few writers about the aging of the mafiosi.

Lanza, Joseph "Socks" (19041968): Racket boss of fish industry
Joe Lanza, one of the most powerful mobsters in New Yorkbut to whom tribute was paid by almost every family in the country that ate fishwas not called "Socks" because he wore colorful footwear. He got his nickname because of his socking ability. He was so tough that even Teamsters' locals quaked at his power and paid him extortion money rather than risk his wrath at the Fulton Fish Market, which supplied the city with seafood and influenced the price around the entire nation.

Lanza, who started working as a fish handler at the age of 14, was semiliterate but very powerful. Many journalists insisted on calling his Fulton Street domain Lanza's Fish Market; Lanza made it a firm rule that everyone paid tribute"every dealer, big and small, retailer or wholesaler," said one investigative report. Lanza collected $10 from every boat that came in the harbor, $50 from every truck that went out, and $2,000 from every trucking firm in the fish business. And no stall could operate without a Lanza okay and levy. A member of the Luciano family and very close to Frank Costello, he ran this tariff up to a $20-million-a-year racket and his personal income never fell below $1 million annually.

Lanza achieved his power through brute force. At the age of 14 he tipped the scales at 200 pounds and even hardened thugs steered wide of this youthful desperado with the cocky grin. As a teenager he was arrested on suspicion of murder, burglary and carrying concealed weapons but there were no convictions. From 1917 to 1919 he worked as a fish handler at the Fulton Market for $12 a week. By the time he was 19 he was ready to make his big move. He organized his own union, called the United States Sea Food Workers Union, and tied up the market so that everyone had to meet his extortion demands.

Lanza worked with impunity until the 1930s when he finally got sent to federal prison for two years for violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Going behind bars did not crimp Lanza's style. His aides kept up the pressure for payments and from prison Lanza started extorting Teamsters Local 1202, warning that unless tribute was paid the union could not operate at the market and all the top officials of the local would be killed. Since there had been a number of murders at the market already, it was obvious Lanza was not kidding. After his release, Lanza really put the screws on the Teamsters. The local president, Sol Shuster, had to juggle his books in order to make the huge payoffs Lanza demanded.

In 1943 Lanza was caught on extortion charges and sentenced to 7 1/2-to-15 years. He was released in 1950 to come back to a steadily thriving racket at the market. In February 1957 he was arrested as a parole violator for consorting with criminals, gambling and living way beyond his means. Held for a hearing, Lanza, who was very powerful in political circles, pulled strings to get a favorable hearing before a parole trial commissioner who, despite staff recommendations, ordered him released on parole.

Writing in
The Nation
shortly after the decision, prizewinning reporter Fred J. Cook declared: