Read The Law Under the Swastika Online

Authors: Michael Stolleis

Tags: #History, #Europe, #Germany, #Law, #Administrative Law, #Legal History, #Perspectives on Law

The Law Under the Swastika (49 page)

36
. J. Feest, “Die Bundesrichter—Herkunft, Karriere und Auswahl der juristischen Elite,” in W. Zap, ed.,
Beiträge zur Analyse der deutschen Oberschicht
, 2d ed.
(Munich, 1965), 95 ff.; U. Reifner, “Juristen im Nationalsozialismus,”
Zeitschrift für Rechtspolitik
(1983): 13–19.

CHAPTER ELEVEN

1
. References especially in J. Becker, Th. Stammen, P. Waldmann,
Vorgeschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
(1979); H. A. Winkler,
Politische Weichenstellungen im Nachkriegsdeutschland 1945–1949
(1979); A. Grosser,
Geschichte Deutschlands seit 1945
, 6th ed. (1978); W. Abelshauser,
Wirtschaft in Deutschland 1945–1948
(1975);
Westdeutschlands Weg zur Bundesrepublik 1945–1949
, Beiträge von Mitarbeitern des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte (1976); E. U. Huster et al.,
Determinanten der westdeutschen Restauration 1945–1949
, 6th ed. (1979).

2
. B. Diestelkamp, “Rechts- und verfassungsgeschichtliche Probleme zur Frühgeschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland,”
Juristische Schulung
(1980): 401–405, 481–485, 790–796; (1981): 96–102, 409–413, 488–494, with extensive references.

3
. Readers can now consult the work of M. Etzel,
Die Aufhebung von nationalsozialistischen Gesetzen durch den Alliierten Kontrollrat (1945–1948)
(1992).

4
. J. R. Wenzlau,
Der Wideraufbau der Justiz in Nordwestdeutschland, 1945–1949
(1979).

5
. H. Kramer, ed.,
Braunschweig unterm Hakenkreuz
(1981).

6
. W. Benz, ed.,
Bewegt von der Hoffnung aller Deutschen. Zur Geschichte des Grundgesetzes: Entwürfe und Diskussionen 1941–1949
(1979); Wenzlau (see note 4, above), 27 ff.

7
.
Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts
22:75.

8
. One of the most important documents on this is the memorandum by W. Strauss,
Die Oberste Bundesgerichtsbarkeit
(1949). See also the references in
Jahrbuch des öffentlichen Rechts
n.f. 1 (1951).

9
. K. Griewank,
Der neuzeitliche Revolutionsbegriff
(1969).

10
. Berlin declaration of the Allies, June 5, 1945, in I. v. Münch,
Dokumente des geteilten Deutschland
, vol. 1 (1976), 19–20.

11
. J. Gimbel,
Amerikanische Besatzungspolitik in Deutschland 1945–1949
(1971).

12
. Proclamation of Allied Commander in Chief Eisenhower, No. 1, sec. 1: “We will destroy National Socialism in the German territories occupied by military forces under my command, remove the NSDAP from power, and abolish the cruel, harsh, and unjust laws and institutions put in place by the NSDAP.”

13
. Wenzlau (see note 4, above), 9–10, has also stated this.

14
. Ch. F. Menger,
Verfassungsgeschichte der Neuzeit
, 3d ed. (1981), 195.

15
. Burke Shartel and H. J. Wolff, “Civil Justice in Germany,”
Michigan Law Review
42 (1943): 864.

16
. R. Hansen,
Das Ende des Dritten Reiches
(1966), 205.

17
. H. Benjamin et al.,
Zur Geschichte der Rechtspflege der DDR 1945–1949
(1976), 44, on the situation in the East.

18
. Military Administration Law No. 1,
Amtsblatt der Militärregierung
1:11. The following laws were repealed: Law for the Protection of National Symbols of May 19, 1933; Law against the New Formation of Parties of July 14, 1933; Law to Secure the Unity of Party and State of December 1, 1933; Law against Treacherous Attacks . . . of December 20, 1934; Reich Flag Law of September 15, 1935; Law on the Hitler Youth of December 1, 1936; Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor of
September 15, 1935; Decree of the Führer concerning the Legal Status of the NSDAP of December 12, 1942; Reich Citizenship Law of September 15, 1935, as well as thirty-five other norms that were supplementary in nature. Finally, this was followed by a list of anti-Jewish laws, which was explicitly described as not exhaustive.

19
. We could add this example to the long tradition of prohibitions against interpreting and commenting on the law. See H. J. Becker, “Kommentier- und Auslegungsverbot,” in A. Erler and E. Kaufmann, eds,
Handwörterbuch zur Deutschen Rechtsgeschichte
, vol. 2 (1978), cols. 963 ff.

20
. See note 18, above: “In order to eradicate the principles and doctrines of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party from German law and the administration within the occupied territories, to restore law and justice to the German people, and to reintroduce the principle of equality before the law . . .”

21
. Potsdam Agreement, sec. A, IV, 4: “All Nazi laws which provided the basis of the Hitler regime or established discrimination on grounds of race, creed, or political opinion shall be abolished. No such discriminations, whether legal, administrative, or otherwise, shall be tolerated.” A, IV, 8: “The judicial system will be reorganized in accordance with the principles of democracy, of justice under law, and of equal rights for all citizens without distinction of race, nationality or religion.”

22
. Prologue: “an administration of justice . . . based on the accomplishments of democracy, civilization, and justice.”

23
. Control Council, Proclamation No. 1 of August 30, 1945, sec. III, xi.

24
. v. Münch (see note 10, above), 52–54.

25
. Control Council Law No. 11 of January 30, 1946, and Law No. 55 of June 20, 1947. See the survey “Zur Auswirkung der Gesetzgebung der Besatzungsmächte auf das deutsche Strafgesetzbuch,”
Süddeutsche Juristenzeitung
(1946): 121.

26
. Control Council Law No. 36 of October 10, 1946, art. V.

27
. Control Council Law No. 16 of Feburary 20, 1946.

28
. Control Council Law No. 37 of October 30, 1946.

29
. Control Council Law No. 22 (
Betriebsräte
Law) of April 10, 1946; Law No. 35 of August 20, 1946; Law No. 40 of November 30, 1946; Law No. 56 of June 30, 1947.

30
. Control Council Law No. 44 of January 10, 1947; Law No. 45 of February 20, 1947 (repeal of the Reich’s Hereditary Farm Law). On this see Wöhrmann,
Monatsschrift des Deutschen Rechts
(1947): 6.

31
. Control Council Law No. 60 of December 19, 1947.

32
. Control Council Law No. 49 of March 20, 1947 (Repeal of the Law on the Constitution of the German Protestant Church of July 14, 1933); Law No. 62 of February 20, 1948.

33
. Examples: Orders of the Sowjetische Militäradministration No. 2 of June 10, 1945; No. 66 of September 17, 1945; No. 79 of September 29, 1945. Further details are in K. H. Schöneburg et al.,
Vom Werden unseres Staates
, vol. 1 (1966), 80–81; Thuringian Law on the Repeal of Nazi Law of August 20, 1945,
Gesetzessammlung
(1945): 10.

34
. Decree of the President of the Hanseatic Higher Regional Court of December 18, 1945, with the President of the Higher Regional Courts of Düsseldorf, Hamm, and Braunschweig following suit in the course of 1946.

35
. O. Küster,
Süddeutsche Juristenzeitung
(1946): 31; W. Meiss,
Süddeutsche Juristenzeitung
(1946): 65.

36
. Benjamin et al. (see note 17, above), 16.

37
. Wenzlau (see note 4, above), 53; Benjamin et al. (see note 17, above), 323; F. Hartung,
Jurist unter vier Reichen
(1971), 136–138. In August 1945 the Soviets arrested about forty judges of the Supreme Court, eventually taking them to the Buchenwald concentration camp until 1950. Only four are said to have survived. See D. Kolbe,
Reichsgerichtspräsident Dr. Erwin Bumke
(1975), 402.

38
. Benjamin et al. (see note 17, above), 323–324.

39
. There is a second Proclamation No. 1 from Eisenhower as Supreme Commander of U.S. Forces, dated July 14, 1945.

40
. Military Administration Law No. 2,
Amtsblatt der Militärregierung
3:4.

41
. Control Council Proclamation No. 3 of October 20, 1945; Control Council Law No. 4 of October 30, 1945.

42
. Control Council Law No. 21 of March 30, 1946, and No. 36 of October 10, 1946.

43
. Control Council Directives No. 24 of January 12, 1946, subpars. 87–89; No. 38 of October 12, 1946, app. A, sec. I, lit. N. and sec. II, lit. N.

44
. Decree No. 126 of the British military government; Proclamation No. 7 of the U.S. military government; Law on the Legal Office of the Unified Economic Region of July 24, 1948,
Gesetz- und Verordnungsblatt für das Vereinigte Wirtschaftsgebiet
, 77. Dr. Walter Strauss, State Secretary in the Federal Ministry of Justice from 1949 to 1963, was appointed head of the Legal Office.

45
. Benjamin et al. (see note 17, above), 46.

46
. Ibid., 21.

47
. Sowjetische Militäradministration Order No. 49 of September 4, 1945.

48
. Sowjetische Militäradministration Order No. 28 and the Decree concerning Obligatory Social Insurance of January 28, 1947, in
Arbeit und Sozialfürsorge
(1947): 249.

49
. H. Loening, “Der Kampf um den Rechtsstaat in Thüringen,”
Archiv des öffentlichen Rechts
75 (1949): 56–102, with a response by M. Draht,
Archiv des öffentlichen Rechts
75 (1949): 124; U. v. Dassel, “Die neue Verwaltungsgerichtsbarkeit,”
Neue Justiz
(1948): 27–31; S. Mampel, “Die Entwicklung der Verfassungsordnung in der sowjetisch besetzten Zone Deutschlands von 1945–1963,”
Jahrbuch des öffentlichen Rechts
n.f. 13 (1964): 506; K. Sieveking,
Die Entwicklung des sozialistischen Rechtsstaatsbegriffs in der DDR
(1975), 29.

50
. Benjamin et al. (see note 17, above), 73.

51
. Thuringian Landtag, 4th sess., December 19, 1946, protocol, 6, 10 ff.; sess. of October 10, 1947, protocol, 651 ff.; 29th sess. of November 6, 1947, protocol, 713 ff.; sess. of October 7, 1948, protocol, 1346–1347. See K. A. Bettermann, “Rechtsstaat ohne unabhängige Richter?”
Neue Justiz
(1947–48): 217–220; E. Schiffer, “Der mißverstandene Montesquieu,”
Der Morgen
, December 25, 1948, 1–2; E. Melsheimer, “Vom politischen und vom unpolitischen Richter,”
Neue Justiz
(1950): 70–73; H. Loening, “Ansprache zur Wiedereröffnung des Thüring. OVG in Jena,”
Archiv des öffentlichen Rechts
74 (1948): 45 ff.

52
.
Jahrbuch der Entscheidungen des Thüringischen Oberverwaltungsgerichts
18 (1946–47): 220 ff.

53
. The following figures are drawn from the speech by Thuringian Minister of Justice Külz on October 10, 1947 (Thuringian Landtag, protocol, 659):

A programmatic statement on the purpose of the course can be found in M. Fechner,
Die soziale Aufgabe der Volksrichter
(1946); as well as in Benjamin et al. (see note 17, above), 90 ff.; also Benjamin, “Der Volksrichter in der Sowjetzone,”
Neue Justiz
(1947); Hartwig, “Zur Ausbildung der Volksrichter,”
Neue Justiz
(1947).

54
. J. Wolffram and A. Klein,
Recht und Rechtspflege in den Rheinlanden
(1969), 247.

55
. Military Administration Decree No. 41,
Amtsblatt der Militärregierung
, 299.

56
. Wenzlau (see note 4, above), 297 ff.; Diestelkamp (see note 2, above), (1981): 412n.52.

57
. R. Zimmermann, “Der OGH und die Fortbildung des Bürgerlichen Rechts,”
Zeitschrift für neuere Rechtsgeschichte
(1981), with additional references.

58
. Wenzlau (see note 4, above), passim; E. Girndt-Hassenpflug,
Zentralismus in der Britschen Zone
, diss., Bonn, 1971.

59
. W. Fischer, “Die Rechtsanwaltschaft in der britischen Zone,”
Deutsche Rechtszeitschrift
(1946): 124; Fischer, “Aufbau und Ordnung der Anwaltschaft in der Britischen Zone,”
Monatsschrift des Deutschen Rechts
(1947): 180; Bartelmann, “Zur Zulassung von Ostanwälten in der britischen Zone,”
Deutsche Rechtszeitschrift
(1947): 95, with a response by Fischer; E. Natter, “Der Wiederaufbau der Rechtsanwaltschaft,”
Deutsche Rechtszeitschrift
(1946): 46; W. Kimmig, “Der Wiederaufbau der Rechtsanwaltschaft,”
Deutsche Rechtszeitschrift
(1946): 170.

60
. Diestelkamp (see note 2, above), (1981): 492.

61
. Kramer (see note 5, above), especially 45 ff.

62
. Diestelkamp (see note 2, above), (1981): 492.

63
. Steidle, “Der Plan für den Aufbau des Rechtspflegewesens in der US-Zone,”
Süddeutsche Juristenzeitung
(1946).

64
. On the people affected, see “Gesetz zur Befreiung von Nationalsozialismus und Militarismus,” March 5, 1946, App. sec. A, lit. N. An interesting discussion of the reception of the law by B. Reifenberg, “Befreiung durch Gesetz,”
Die Gegenwart
1 (1946): 11; H. Ehard, “Das Gesetz zur Befreiung von Nationalsozialimus und Militarismus,”
Süddeutsche Juristenzeitung
(1946): 7.

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