The Invisible History of the Human Race (46 page)

history of, 34–48

Maori, 32

moral and religious imperatives of, 46

and people’s responses to DNA testing, 242–44

records of,
see
records

social history and, 176

triggers for investigating, 29–30

genealogy companies, 126, 127–28, 130–31

Ancestry.com, 17, 40, 81, 92, 124–30, 206–7

Geni.com, 130, 131, 135

FindMyPast, 81, 128–29

see also
DNA testing companies

genealogy expos, 125

Genealogy Roadshow,
211

genes, x, xi, 6–9, 14, 22, 201–2

alleles of, xi, 317

amount of influence of, 303–4

APOE, 308, 317

BRCA, 305

candidate studies of, 162

discovery of, 161

F5, 306

in genomes of many creatures, 290–91

HEXA, 297, 298, 299

huntingtin, 289–93, 299, 304

Hox, 290–91

influences on, 8, 279, 304

MC1R, 284–85

multigenerational effects of, 305

population structure and, 162–64

proteins produced by, 291

senses and, 259

silencing of, 292

traits and,
see
traits

Genes, Peoples, and Languages
(Cavalli-Sforza), 235

genetic disorders,
see
diseases

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination
Act, 318

genetic mutations, 258, 297, 298, 304, 318

BRCA, 305

de novo point, 304

endogamous marriage and, 296

F5, 306

fragile X syndrome, 300

recessive, 296–99

see also
diseases

genetics, first use of term, 53

genetics companies,
see
DNA testing companies

genetic tree vs. genealogical tree, 218–19

Genghis Khan, 93, 180–82, 192, 195, 256

Geni.com, 130, 131, 135

Genographic Project, 207, 233–34, 239–42

genome(s), 3, 7, 8, 13, 162–64, 186, 202, 205, 210, 214, 245, 257–58, 260, 290

African, 254–55

ancient, 252–53

Australian, 250

bottlenecks and, 247–48, 250–51, 260

British history and, 164–68, 171–77

Bushman, 256

dissolving of, 219

fine-structure analysis of, 165

first sequencing of, 161

history and, 260–61

locations on, xi

Neanderthal, 252–54

race and, 236–38

slave trade and, 260

as tree, 241–42

twins and, x

Gercke, Achim, 71–72

German Society for Racial Hygiene, 70

German immigrants, 156

Germany, 147, 148

see also
Nazi Germany

Getchell, Ivy, 89–90

Gilbert, Daniel, 28–29, 33

goats, 262

Godfrey Webster,
137

Golden, Robert, 229

Golden Dawn, 82

Google, 127

Gordon-Reed, Annette, 226

Gorgass, Ruthild, 80

Goss, Leanne, 137

Granite Mountain Records Vault, 111–17, 122–24

Grant, Madison, 55–61, 62, 64, 234

African Americans and, 59–60

Benga and, 57–58

eugenics and, 59–61, 64, 75–76

immigration and, 58–59

Greece, 82

Green, Robert, 307–8, 310

Greenspan, Bennett, 182, 207–10

group identity, 23

Groves, Colin, 252

Guardian,
20, 30

Guineas, 271

Gulkula, 281

Gulumbulu, 281

Haley, Alex, 47–48

Hayden, Michael, 291

HDBuzz, 293

health, 285, 309

see also
diseases

hearing, 259

Heidenreich, Gisela, 76–80, 81, 138

height, 278, 303–4

Heinlein, Robert, 111, 126

Helicobacter pylori,
261

Hemings, Eston, 227, 228, 231, 232, 233

Hemings, Madison, 227, 231, 232, 233

Hemings, Sally, 124, 225–33, 238, 257

Henn, Brenna, 303

heraldry, 44–45

hérédité,
51, 53

heredity, 49–53, 65, 69–71

Bakewell and, 49–51, 53

breeding and,
see
breeding

Darwin and, 54

eugenics and,
see
eugenics

Galton and, 54

Mendel and, 52–53, 54, 60, 61, 62

HEXA gene, 297, 298, 299

Highland Games, 186–87, 189, 199

Himmler, Heinrich, 76, 77, 78, 234

historical figures, descendants of, 183

history, 158, 213, 246–64

of Britain, 168–74

in DNA, 159–78

economies and, 156–57

genome and, 260–61

human origins and exodus from Africa, 234, 246–48, 250–52, 255, 284, 303

History Channel, 273

Hitler, Adolf, 60, 68, 69, 72–75, 79,
122, 234

nephews of, 183

T4 program created by, 75

Hoff, Karla, 314–15

Holocaust, 65, 106–7, 122, 234

Homestead Act, 47

Hox gene, 290–91

human cloning, 7, 8

Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP), 234–36, 239, 240

Human Genome Project, 237, 241

Hung, James, 32

hunter-gatherers, 253, 255, 259

huntingtin gene, 289–93, 299, 304

Huntington, George, 288

Huntington’s disease, 286–95, 299, 306, 307, 308, 318

Iceland, 120, 132–33

surnames in, 192

ideas and feelings, 139–58

trust,
see
trust

illegitimacies, 200, 201

immigrants, 58–59, 61

community closeness and, 156

and parents’-country-of-origin effect on women, 154–56

and reproduction of old values, 154–55

India, 173

caste system in, 314–15

social change in, 315

Indonesia, 249

volcano in, 248

Ingimund, 193–95

intergenerational self, 115

International Atomic Energy Agency, 120

International Visible Trait Genetics Consortium, 280

Internet, 127, 128

Interpretome, 207

IQ84
(Murakami), 246

Ireland, 2, 27, 118, 156, 167, 169, 257, 298

famine in, 106, 107, 137, 257

physical traits in, 282

surnames in, 192, 198–99, 200–201

Y chromosomes in, 195–96, 198, 200–201, 282

Irish Americans, 156

Irish Blood Transfusion Service, 163

Íslendingabók, 132–33

Israel, 251, 300

Issues, 271

Italy, 116, 172, 222–23

trust in, 156

James IV, King, 188

Japan, 65

Jefferson, Martha Wayles, 225, 227, 238

Jefferson, Thomas, 41–42, 225, 234, 238

Hemings’ relationship with, and descendants, 124, 225–33, 257

Jewish Influence and the German Universities, The,
71–72

Jews, 23, 25, 68, 71–73, 74, 164,
209, 243

anti-Semitism and, 71, 73, 137–50

Black Death and, 147–48, 149

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and, 122, 123

Holocaust and, 65, 106–7, 122, 234

medieval pogroms and, 147, 148,
149–50

in Nazi Germany,
see
Nazi Germany

premarital genetic testing and, 300–301

Samaritans and, 295

World War I and, 148

Jobs, Steve, 310

Jones, Dan, 124–25, 126, 127, 130

Justo Doria, Antonio, 288

Kabre, 141

Kayser, Manfred, 280–81

Kennedy, N. Brent, 272, 273, 275–76

Keynes, John Maynard, 183

Keynes, Laura, 183

Khan, Razib, 319

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 320

Kinnear,
2, 98

Kiryat Luza, 295

Kitcher, Philip, 267

Klocke, Friedrich von, 81–82

Koelle, Sigismund, 141, 143

Kong Demao, 32

Kong Xiangxian, 32

Labuda, Damian, 133–35

Lambert, David Allen, 30, 34–36, 43

Lander, Eric, 227

Larkin, Philip, 139

laser discs, 119–20, 121

Leopold II, King, 57

Leslie, Stephen, 161–69, 172, 174–76,
178, 187

Lewontin, Richard, 23–24, 236–37

lice, 261

Lightning,
27

Lincoln, Abraham, 35

linkage disequilibrium, 256

Linnaeus, Carl, 189

lipid catabolism, 254

Lives to Come, The: The Genetic Revolution and Human Possibilities
(Kitcher), 267

Lorenz, Ottokar, 69–70

Lorn Mor, King, 187

Lowell, Robert, 17

lupus, 254

Lutz, Balthazar, 66

MacLaren, Donald, 187–89, 191

MacLaren clan, 187–91

Maori culture, 32

Mao Tse-tung, 93, 94

Marks, Jonathan, 233

Marlboro Historical Society, 23

Marlborough, 1st Duke of
(John Churchill), 20

Marlow, Samuel, 137

marriage:

counseling for, 63, 65

cousin, 220, 296–97, 298, 301–2

genetic testing before, 300–302

interracial, 269–69

Samaritan, 296

same-sex, 123–24

uncle-niece, 302

Mauch, Alfons, 66, 68

Mauch, Elisabeth, 66

Mauch, Joe, 66–69, 80–81, 105

Mauch, Jürgen, 66

Mauch, Maria Lutz, 66, 68

Mayflower,
44, 131

McCalman, Janet, 135–36

McCarthy, Gavan, 120–21

McCormick, Michael, ix

McGrath, Ann, 98, 108–10

McHarg/Mchargue YDNA Project, 199

McHarge, Anne, 199–200

McLaren, Bob, 189–91, 200

McLoughlin, Garry, 136–37

McLoughlin, Michael, 136–37

medical community, 51, 70

Meir, Golda, 1

Melungeons, 267–79

African Americans and, 271, 276

diseases and, 273

Native Americans and, 277–78

physical traits in, 273, 277

Melungeons, The: The Resurrection of a Proud People
(Kennedy), 272

Melungeons Yesterday and Today
(Bible), 268

Melville, Allan, 42

Melville, Herman, 42

Mendel, Gregor, 52–53, 54, 60, 61, 62

Mendelian diseases, 295, 303, 306,
307, 311

Huntington’s disease, 286–95, 299, 306, 307, 308, 318

Mendelian traits, 278

Mexico, pandemics in, 260

Meyer, Leo Joseph, 90–91, 92

Meyer, Maisie Aileen, 90–91, 92

Meyer, Geoff, 85–86, 90–92, 124

Miami Herald,
182

mice, 259, 261–62, 292, 305

Midnight Oil, 1

migrations, 129, 131, 135, 177, 248

milk drinking, 258, 259

missing heritability, 304

mitochondria, 186, 257

mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), 163, 186, 201, 206, 207, 216, 221, 253, 257

Mongol Empire, 180–81, 255

Mongolia, 95

surnames in, 93, 191–92

monkeys, 20

Moore, Carolyn, 229

Moore, CeCe, 211–12

Moritzburg Castle, 56

Mormon Church,
see
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

multiple sclerosis, 306, 307

Murakami, Haruki, 246

Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, 166

names, 191

see also
surnames

Napp, Cyril, 52

National Geographic, Genographic Project of, 207, 233–34, 239–42

National Security Agency (NSA), 127

Native Americans, 71, 199, 206, 242,
249, 271

European genomes and, 249–50

Melungeons and, 277–78

physical traits in, 282

natural selection, 258–59

Nature,
228–29

Navigenics, 308

Nazi Ancestral Proof, The
(Ehrenreich), 66, 69, 71–74, 81–82

Nazi Germany, 25, 65, 66–82, 126, 148–49, 234, 238

concentration camps in, 68–69, 75,
79, 149

eugenics in, 71–73, 75–76, 80–82

Kristallnacht
in, 149

Lebensborn clinics in, 76–80

Nuremberg trials and, 75, 78, 80

Neanderthals, 209, 252–55

skin color and, 285

Netherlands, 192, 305

Newcastle, 175–76

New England Historic Genealogical Society (NEHGS), 30, 34, 36, 45

Newton, Ephraim, 23

New South Wales, 86, 99, 102, 104

New York Review of Books,
23–24

New York Times,
73, 80, 82, 182, 239

New Zealand, 32, 138

Niall of the Nine Hostages, 195–96

Niue, 117

Noakes, David, 138

North America, 249

North Korea, 93

Norway, 203–6

Nunn, Nathan, 141–46, 150–51,
152–53, 156

Nuremberg trials, 75, 78, 80

Obama, Barack, 39–40, 122

Obama, Barack, Sr., 39

Obama, Michelle, 39, 40

O’Donnell, Turlough, 196

“one drop” rule, 60

1000 Genomes Project, 317–18

On the Origin of Species
(Darwin), 53,
59, 183

Orkney, 159–61, 164, 166–67, 169, 172, 176–77, 261–62

orphans, 85–92, 124

Oxford Ancestors, 179–80, 182

Pääbo, Svante, 252, 254

Pakistan, 181

palatal torus, 273, 279

palimpsests, 264

pangenesis, 53–54

Pardo, Juan, 272

Parkinson’s disease, 306

Parramatta:

Girls’ Training School, 89–90

Returned & Services League,
17–19, 22

Passing of the Great Race, The
(Grant), 60, 75–76

path dependency, 12–13

Patterson, Glynis McHargue, 199–200

Patterson, Nick, 219, 257

pedigree collapse, 220

pedigrees, 36, 37, 62, 129, 217

Personal Genome Project (PGP), 316

pheromones, 259

physical traits,
see
traits

Picts, 167, 169, 177, 213

Pierre: or, The Ambiguities
(Melville), 42

Pinker, Steven, 316–17

Pires, Tomé, 256

plagues, 158

Black Death, 147–48, 149, 151, 180

Plato, 49

plow, 152–53

Plowden, Alison, 286

pogroms, 147, 148, 149

Ponkapoag Indians, 35–36

poor, 60

Popenoe, Paul, 62–64, 65

population structure, 162–64

presentism, 29, 31, 187

pride, 23, 24

primates, 20