The House of Wisdom (36 page)

19
.
Solomon bar Simson
, in Eidelberg,
The Jews
, 30.

20
. Atiya,
Crusade
, 58 (see Prologue, n. 8).

21
. Anna Comnena,
The Alexiad
, in Krey,
First Crusades
, 70.

22
. Carole Hillenbrand,
The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives
(Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1999), 270.

23
. A. al-Azmeh, “Barbarians in Arab Eyes,”
Past and Present
134 (1992): 7.

24
. Al-Masudi,
Kitab al-Tanbih wa’l-ishraf
in
Islam from the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople
, trans. and ed. Bernard Lewis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 2: 122.

25
. Runciman,
The First Crusade
, 139–49 (see Prologue, n. 5).

26
. E. S. Bouchier,
A Short History of Antioch
(Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1921), 231–32.

27
. Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia francorum qui ceperint Jerusalem
, quoted in R. B. Yewdale,
Bohemond I, Prince of Antioch
(Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 1970), 53.

28
.
Fulcher of Chartres
, 43–44.

29
. Thomas S. Asbridge,
The Creation of the Principality of Antioch
, 1098–1 130 (Woodbridge, UK:

Boydell Press, 2000), 48.

30
. Abu Saad al-Harawi quoted in Amin Maalouf,
The Crusades Through Arab Eyes
, trans. Jon Rothschild (New York: Schocken Books, 1984), xiii. Maalouf notes that not all Arab historians attribute these exact words to al-Harawi. Ibn al-Athir, for example, attributes them to a poet who had been inspired by al-Harawi’s lament.

31
. Usama ibn Munqidh,
The Book of Contemplation: Islam and the Crusades
, trans. Paul M. Cobb (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Classics, 2008), 144.

32
. Maalouf,
Crusades Through Arab Eyes
, 39–40.

33
. Ibid., 39–40.

34
. Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, 260.

35
. Ibn Munqidh,
Book of Contemplation
, 146.

36
. Ibid., 144.

37
. Ibid., 153.

38
. Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, 258.

39
. Ibn al-Arabi, quoted in Hillenbrand, Crusades, 49. Ibn al-Arabi was a religious scholar from al-Andalus, not the more famous Muslim mystic of the same name.

40
. Raymond of Aguilers, “Historia Francorum,” in
First Crusades
, Krey, 261.

41
.
First Crusade
, Peters, 14–15.

42
.
Cronica de Alfonso III
, quoted in Phillip F. Kennedy, “Christian-Muslim Frontier in al-Andalus,” in
The Arab Influence in Medieval Europe
, ed. Dionisius A. Agius and Richard Hitchcock (Reading, UK: Ithaca Press, 1994), 86.

43
. Norman Daniel,
Islam and the West: The Making of an Image
(Oxford: One World, 1993), 135–36.

44
. Ibid., 133.

45
. Raymond of Aguilers, “Historia Francorum,” in
First Crusades
, Krey, 260.

46
. “Le Chanson d’Antioch,” in
First Crusade
, Peters, 305.

47
. Nikita Elisseeff, “The Reaction of the Syrian Muslims After the Foundation of the First Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem,” in
Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth-Century Syria
, ed. Maya Shatzmiller (Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1993), 163.

48
. Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, 72.

49
. Ibid., 73–74.

50
. Daniel,
Islam and the West
, 137.

51
. Atiya,
Crusade
, 171 (see Prologue, n. 8).

52
. David Abulafia, “The Role of Trade in Muslim-Christian Contact During the Middle Ages,” in
Arab Influence
, Agius and Hitchcock, I.

53
. Ibid., 10.

Chapter 2: The Earth Is Like a Wheel

1
.
Adelard of Bath
, Burnett, 3 (see Prologue, n. 4).

2
. Riley-Smith,
First Crusade
, 8 (see chap. I, n. 7).

3
. A. C. Crombie,
Augustine to Galileo
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), 1: 32.

4
. Louise Cochrane,
Adelard of Bath: The First English Scientist
(London: British Museum Press, 1994), 24.

5
. The eight prayers as spelled out in the Rule of St. Benedict are as follows: matins or vigils, lauds, prime, terce, sext, none, vespers, and compline. See Gerhard Dohrnvan Rossum,
History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders
, trans. Thomas Dunlap (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 35.

6
. Kenneth F. Welch,
Time Measurement: An Introductory History
(London: G. Bell and Sons, 1924), 17.

7
. Stephen C. McCluskey,
Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 105–08.

8
. Ibid.

9
. Welch,
Time Measurement
, 15.

10
. McCluskey,
Astronomies and Cultures
, 112.

11
. Ibid., 111.

12
. For a discussion of the impact of monastic timekeeping on the creation of modern, capitalist society, see Lewis Mumford,
Technics and Civilization
(New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1963), 12–17.

13
. McCluskey,
Astronomies and Cultures
, 85.

14
. G. R. Evans,
Fifty Key Medieval Thinkers
(London: Routledge, 2002), 42.

15
. McCluskey,
Astronomies and Cultures
, 115.

16
. David C. Lindberg,
The Beginnings of Western Science: The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context
, 660 B.C. to A.D. 1450(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 39.

17
. Notker the Stammerer,
Notatio
, quoted in Michael Idomir Allen, “Bede and Frechulf at Medieval St Gallen,” in
Beda Venerabilis: Historian, Monk & Northumbrian
, ed. L. A. J. R. Houwen and A. A. MacDonald (Groningen: E. Forsten, 1996), 65.

18
. Charles Burnett,
The Introduction of Arabic Learning into England
(London: British Library, 1997), 17.

19
. Cochrane,
Adelard of Bath
, 5–6.

20
. Burnett,
Introduction of Arabic Learning
, 13.

21
. Ibid., 13–17.

22
. Ibid., 3.

23
. Donald R. Hill,
Studies in Medieval Islamic Technology
(Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1998), 22.

24
. Burnett,
Introduction of Arabic Learning
, 12–13.

25
. Gerbert d’Aurillac,
The Letters of Gerbert, with His Papal Privileges as Sylvester II
, trans. and ed. Harriet Pratt Lattin (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959), 37.

26
. Emilie Savage-Smith, “Celestial Mapping,” in The History of
Cartography, vol. 2, bk. I, Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies
, ed. J. B. Harley and David Woodward (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 24–25.

27
. School of Gerbert, De
utilitatibus astrolabii
, quoted in McCluskey, Astronomies and Cultures, 165. As McCluskey points out, this work has been attributed variously to Gerbert and to one of his students, among several others.

28
. Bruce Dickey, “Adelard of Bath: An Examination Based on Heretofore Unexamined Manuscripts” (Ph.D. diss., University of Toronto, 1982), 25.

29
. Fulbert of Chartres,
The Letters and Poems of Fulbert of Chartres
, trans. and ed. Frederick Behrends (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976), 261. See also McCluskey, Astronomies and Cultures, 177, n. 34. On the earliest use of Arabic words, see Burnett,
Introduction of Arabic Learning
, 5.

30
. McCluskey,
Astronomies and Cultures
, 177.

31
. Cochrane,
Adelard of Bath
, 6.

32
. William of Malmesbury,
History of the Kings of England
, trans. John Sharpe (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1815), 199.

33
. Quoted in Burnett,
Introduction of Arabic Learning
, 16.

34
. Michael Scot,
Liber introductorius
, quoted in Lynn Thorndike,
Michael Scot
(London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1965), 93–94.

35
. Richard Erdoes, A.D. 1000:
Living on the Brink of the Apocalypse
(New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 90.

36
. McCluskey,
Astronomies and Cultures
, 177–78.

37
. Cochrane,
Adelard of Bath
, 3.

38
. Ibid., 3–5.

39
.
Adelard of Bath
, Burnett, xvii—xviii (see Prologue, n. 4).

40
. Ibid., 71.

41
. Ibid.

42
. Ibid., 73.

43
. Crombie,
Augustine to Galileo
, 35.

44
. Eugen Weber,
Apocalypses: Prophecies, Cults, and Millennial Beliefs Through the Ages
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 34–45.

45
.
The Confessions of St. Augustine
, trans. F. J. Sheed (New York: Sheed and Ward, 1942), 247.

46
. Ibid., 247–48.

47
. Thomas of Chobham, MS Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 455, fos. 81–82, quoted in D. L. d’Avray,
The Preaching of the Friars: Sermons Diffused from Paris Before 1300
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985), 232–33.

48
. Debra Hassig,
Medieval Bestiaries: Text, Image, Ideology
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), xvii.

49
. Ibid., 40ff.

50
. Arthur Koestler,
The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man’s Changing Vision of the Universe
(London: Arkana, 1989), 89.

51
. Cosmas Indicopleustes,
The Christian Topography
, trans. and ed. J. W. McCrindle (London: Haklyut Society, 1887), 6. See also Koestler,
Sleepwalker
, 93.

52
. Isidore of Seville,
The Etymologies
, trans. and ed. Stephen A. Barney, W. J. Lewis, J. A. Beach, and Oliver Berghof (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 286.

53
. Ibid.

54
. Koestler,
Sleepwalkers
, 105.

55
. Ibid., 101–02.

56
. René Girard,
The Girard Reader
, ed. James G. Williams (New York: Herder and Herder, 2004), 100.

57
. Guillaume de Machaut,
Judgment of the King of Navarre
, quoted in Girard, Girard Reader, 100.

58
. Samuel K. Cohn Jr., “The Black Death and the Burning of Jews,”
Past and Present
, 196 (2007): 8–9.

59
. Erdoes,
A.D. 1000
, 1–7.

60
. Ibid., 8.

61
. Cochrane,
Adelard of Bath
, 11.

62
. Ibid., 11–12.

63
. Crombie,
Augustine to Galileo
, 33–34.

64
. For a discussion of what he calls medieval “double-think,” see Koestler,
Sleepwalkers
, 97–106.

65
.
The Venerable Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People
, ed. J. A. Giles (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1847), 291.

66
. Maxime Rodinson,
Europe and the Mystique of Islam
, trans. Roger Veinus (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1987), 4.

67
. David R. Blanks, “Islam and the West in the Age of the Pilgrim,” in
The Year 1000: Religious and Social Response to the Turning of the First Millennium
, ed. Michael Frassetto (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 259.

68
. Ibid., 260–61.

69
. Rodinson,
Europe and the Mystique
, 7.

70
. Norman Daniel, “Crusade Propaganda,” in
A History of the Crusades, vol. 6, The Impact of the Crusades on Europe
, ed. Harry W. Hazard and Norman P. Zacour (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 54–55.

71
. Allison Drew, “The De Eodem et Diverso,” in
Adelard of Bath: An English Scientist and Arabist of the Early Twelfth Century
, ed. Charles Burnett (London: Warburg Institute, 1987), 17–23.

72
.
Adelard of Bath
, Burnett, 91.

Chapter 3: The House of Wisdom