The Hidden People of North Korea (52 page)

54. “N. Korean Tractors Running at 60 Percent Capacity: International Food Agencies,” Yonhap, January 8, 2005, in English.

55. Cited in Nicholas D. Kristof, “Hunger and Other North Korean Hardships Are Said to Deepen Discontent,”
New York Times
, February 18, 1992, A6.

56.
Nutrition Survey of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
, a report by the EU, UNICEF, and WFP, November 1998. Available on the North Korea page of the WFP website. See also W. Courtland Robinson et al., “Mortality in North Korean Migrant Households: A Retrospective Study,”
Lancet
354, no. 9175 (July 24, 1999): 291–95.

57.
DPRK 2004 Nutrition Assessment, Report of Survey Results
, February 2005. Available on the North Korea page of the WFP website.

58. Robert E. Black, et al., “Maternal and Child Undernutrition 1; Maternal and Child Undernutrition: Global and Regional Exposures and Health Consequences,”
Lancet
371, no. 9608 (January 19, 2008), Internet version.

59. Seung-Ryun Kim, “Behind the Scenes of Im Su-kyung’s 1989 Pyongyang Festival Visit,”
Dong-A Ilbo
, October 10, 2005, Internet version, in English.

60. Mark E. Manyin, “U.S. Assistance to North Korea: Fact Sheet,”
CRS Report for Congress
, updated October 11, 2006, 2.

61. Haggard and Noland,
Hunger and Human Rights
, 28. Also see the authors’
Famine in North Korea: Markets, Aid, and Reform.

62. Francois Hauter, “Malnutrition and Alcoholism Are Completing the Decline of This Country, Entirely Dedicated to the Cult of Kim Il-sung and His Heir, Kim Jong-il,”
Le Figaro
, April 3, 2002, Internet version, in French.

63. “N. K. No Longer Wants Emergency Aid, Claims to Have Enough Food,” Yonhap, September 18, 2005, in English.

64. Ser Myo-ja, “Aid Agencies Question North’s Food Capability,”
JoongAng Ilbo
, November 18, 2005, Internet version, in English.

65. “KCNA Ridicules U.S. ‘Advice’ over ‘Human Rights,’ ” KCNA, October 10, 2005, in English.

66. See the North Korea page of the WFP website.

67. For example, Pyon Sung-ho, “The Basic Direction of Resolving the Food Problem, the Dietary Problem, in Our Own Way,”
Kyongje Yongu
, November 15, 2004, 17–19, in Korean.

68. “Improvement of Economic Management System Called For,” KCNA, March 5, 2005, in English.

69. “Seoul, UN Worlds Apart in Monitoring N. Korea Food Aid,”
Chosun Ilbo
, September 10, 2005, Internet version, in English.

70. “Seoul, UN Worlds Apart in Monitoring N. Korea Food Aid.”

71. Haggard and Noland,
Hunger and Human Rights
, 16. Also see the authors’
Famine in North Korea: Markets, Aid, and Reform.

72. “Discussion” with chief functionaries of party and state economic organizations, titled “Effecting a New Transformation in Basic Construction,” August 11, 2004, from
Kim Jong-il Songjip
15 (August 30, 2005): 453–69, in Korean.

73. Sin Chu-hyon, “Latest North Korea Information—Rationing Suspended throughout North Korea Except in Pyongyang,”
Wolgan Chosun
(May–June 2006): 362–65, in Korean.

74. Mike Bratzke, “Last Tango in Pyongyang,”
Wolgan Chosun
(November 1, 2004): 254–73, in Korean.

75. UNICEF,
Water, Environment and Sanitation
, UNICEF website, DPRK page, www.unicef.org/dprk/reallives_224.html (accessed on December 26, 2006).

76. Central Bureau of Statistics, Institute of Child Nutrition, DPRK, “DPRK 2004 Nutrition Assessment: Report of Survey Results,” page 12 of a pdf report retrieved from the Nautilus Institute website in February 2005.

77. “Kim Jong-il Sends Wild Honey to Pyongyang Maternity Hospital,” KCNA, July 22, 2004, in English.

78. “Dying Children in North Korea’s Hospitals,”
JoongAng Ilbo
, February 21, 2001, Internet version, in English.

79. “Produce and Supply Mass Medicines on Their Own,”
Nodong Sinmun
, July 17, 2001, 4, in Korean.

80. “Int’l Red Cross to Scale Down Medical Supply Distribution in North Korea,” Yonhap, December 18, 2006, in English.

81. Dr. Vollertsen has written extensively on North Korea. This quotation is from “Life under the Red Star,”
JoongAng Ilbo
, April 30, 2001, Internet version, in English.

82. Bratzke, “Last Tango in Pyongyang.”

83. Haggard and Noland,
Hunger and Human Rights
, 87–88.

84. “Int’l Red Cross to Scale Down Medical Supply Distribution in North Korea.”

85. “Medical Report Shows Most N. Koreans Vulnerable to Epidemics: Lawmaker,” Yonhap, September 6, 2006, in English.

86. Park Hyun Min, “Critical Gap of Average Life Expectancy between the Two Koreas,”
Daily NK
website, September 8, 2006, in English. Also see Namgung Min, “South Korea’s Average Life Span 78 Years, North Korea’s 64: A 14-Year Difference,”
Daily NK
website, October 23, 2007, in English.

87. “Pyongyang Condo Prices Quadruple,”
Dong-A Ilbo
,February3,2006, Internet version, in English.

88. “DPRK Profiled: Five Years after ‘Economic Reform’—Collapse of Government Control, Division of Society into Classes, Increase in Black Market Traders in DPRK,”
Mainichi Shimbun
, Nikkei Telecom 21 database version, July 3, 2007, morning edition, in Japanese.

89. “Let Us Thoroughly Eliminate Private Accommodation Facilities and Give No Room for Enemies’ Maneuvering,” State Security Department Internal Document, published by
Chosun Ilbo
, October 7, 2005, Internet version, in Korean.

90. Interview with a former North Korean who defected in 1996, Seoul, November 1997.

91. The phenomenon of North Koreans learning to become consumers is discussed in Yi Ki-chun and Na chong-yon “A Study of North Korean Household Economy and Consumer Behaviors.”

92. Ryu Kyong-won, “Merchants Spreading Delusions about the Enemy Using South Korean Goods? What Does the 2007 Market Control Mean?”
Rimjingang
, March 17, 2008, 82–96, in Korean.

93. An Yong-hyon, “DPRK Markets That Even Kim Jong-il Cannot Hold in Check,” chosun.com, January 13, 2009.

Chapter 5: The Information Environment

1. A readable overview of communications theory approaches is Dominic A. Infante, Andrew S. Rancer, and Deanna F. Womack,
Building Communication Theory
(Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 2003). Another good source is Stephen W. Littlejohn,
Theories of Human Communication
(Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2002).

2. A German visitor quotes Kim Il-sung as using this term in regard to the opening of the Najin-Sonbong foreign trade zone. The term occasionally appears in the North Korean press. For Kim’s original quote, see Hy-Sang Lee,
North Korea: A Strange Socialist Fortress
(Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001), 178.

3. Yu Chae-chon, “The Nature and Function of the North Korean Media,” in
Pukhanui Ollon
[Media in North Korea] (Seoul: Uryumunhwa, 1990), 45–84, in Korean.

4. Quotation from Kim Pyong-ho, vice director general of KCNA, in an interview with No Kil-nam, editor of
Minjok Tongsin
(of Los Angeles), September 8, 2003, in Korean.

5. “Step Up Propaganda by the Press and Publications Dynamically to Spur the Building of a Powerful State,”
Nodong Sinmun
via KCNA, February 12, 2004, editorial, in Korean.

6. KCBS, October 21, 2005, in Korean.

7. “Phoenixes Who Overcame Difficulties with Faith,”
Nodong Sinmun
, December 2, 2006, 4, in Korean.

8. Yonhap News Agency,
North Korea Handbook
(Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2003), 410, in English.

9. The KCNA website at www.kcna.co.jp is run by North Korean loyalists in Japan.

10. Kim Mi-yong, “DPRK Party Mouthpiece
Nodong Sinmun
Introduced,”
Chosun Ilbo
, February 27, 2002, Internet version, in English.

11.
Nodong Sinmun
via KCNA, December 18, 2003, in Korean.

12. “One More North Korean ‘Surprise,’ ”
Korea Herald
, October 7, 1997, Internet version, in English.

13. “Relay Party’s Ideology and Intention to the Masses in a More Timely, Faster Way,”
Nodong Sinmun
, October 6, 2003, 3, in Korean.

14. “Relay Party’s Ideology and Intention to the Masses in a More Timely, Faster Way.” According to the article, one model functionary, “after he read, first thing in the morning, the editorial that urged a great upsurge in building a powerful state with the pride of having splendidly celebrated the 55th anniversary of the Republic’s founding . . . carried out political work by going out to many cooperative farms bustling with corn harvests and letting them know the tasks suggested in the official party newspaper’s editorial.”

15. KCBS, December 18, 2003, in Korean. KCTV, December 18, 2003, in Korean. KCNA, December 18, 2003, from its website at www.kcna.co.jp, in English.

16. Paek Hyang and Choe Chin-i, “People Are Sick of the No. 3 Broadcast, and the Town Chief Is Frustrated,”
Rimjingang
, November 20, 2007, 154–58, in Korean.

17. Song Mi-ran, “Computer ‘Mail,’ ”
Nodong Sinmun
, July 19, 2001, 4, in Korean.

18. Yi Un-yong, “North Korea’s Formidable Hacking Capabilities Revealed by a North Korean Hacking Godfather-Escapee,”
Sindong-a
, November 1, 2005, 162–73, in Korean.

19. Philippe Grangereau,
Au pays du grand mensonge: Voyage en Coree du Nord
(Paris: Payot, 2003), 185–87.

20. Bernd Girrbach, “The Diplomacy of Images: Notes of a Film Trip (2002),” in
Nord-korea: Einblicke in ein ratselhaftes Land
[North Korea: Glimpses of a Mysterious Land], ed. Christoph Moeskes (Berlin: Christoph Links Verlag, 2004), 101–8.

21. “Kim Jong-il Authors 1,400-Odd Works during University Days,” KCNA, March 18, 2004, in English.

22. “New Books off the Press,” KCNA, October 22, 2003, in English.

23. “New Novels off the Press,” KCNA, November 3, 2003, in English.

24. “New Novels off the Press.”

25. The collectivist nature of film production and consumption in North Korea has been noted by Dr. Suk-Young Kim in her lecture “Illusive Utopia: Fifty Years of North Korean Film” (presented at the U.S. Korea Institute at SAIS, Washington, D.C., April 30, 2007).

26. Ron Gluckman, “Behind the Scenes in North Korea,” personal website, www. gluckman.com/NKFilmTokion.html. Gluckman cites film statistics from North Korea and from a survey of North Korean defectors.

27. Johannes Schoenherr, “Permanent State of War: The North Korean Cinema,”
Nordkorea: Einblicke in ein ratselhaftes Land
, May 1, 2004, 92–100, in German.

28. Karl Malakunas, “It Ain’t Hollywood, but North Korean Cinema Only Has Room for One Star,” Things Asian website, April 3, 2005, www.thingsasian.com/goto_article/ article.3219.html.

29. Malakunas, “It Ain’t Hollywood.”

30. Kim Jong-il,
On the Art of the Cinema
, April 11, 1973, in English. Published in Pyongyang by the Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1989.

31. Schoenherr, “Permanent State of War.”

32. Yonhap,
North Korea Handbook
, 197.

33. Han Yong-chin, “DPRK’s Idolization Propaganda 40 Percent of National Budget,”
Daily NK
Internet site, January 10, 2007, in English.

34. O Myong-chu, “Rock Writing,”
Dong-A Ilbo
, March 9, 2005, Internet version, in English.

35. “Full Text of the Study and Lecture Program ‘On Doing Away with Capitalism,” obtained by and published in South Korea’s
Chosun Ilbo
, December 20, 2002, Internet version, in Korean.

36. Rescue the North Korean People (RENK), “Information Has Been Flowing in Steadily from Outside: The Kim Regime’s Sense of Crisis over the Diversifying Values of the North Korean People Is Clearly Revealed,” Flash Report No. 9, RENK website, July 12, 2005, in Japanese.

37. “Let Us Live and Work According to Our Own Way,” KCBS, December 7, 2004, in Korean.

38. “Let Us Vigorously Wage the Struggle against Phenomena to Uproot the Acts of Smuggling,” instructions to North Hamgyong Province Committee, published in 2003 by the KWP, obtained by Rescue the North Korean People (RENK) and published on the group’s website, November 22, 2004, in English.

39. “Mass Education Material for the Anti-spy Struggle,
Juche
93, Part 2,” originally published by the SSD in June 2004 under the title “Let Us Heighten Revolutionary Vigilance and Thoroughly Smash the Enemies’ Maneuvers Aimed at Rupturing the Building of a Powerful State”; later obtained and published by
Chosun Ilbo
, October 19, 2005, Internet version, in Korean.

40. “Explanation of Laws and Regulations: The Education Law,”
Minju Choson
,May 9, 2000, 2, in Korean.

41.
Kodung Kyoyuk
[Higher Education],
Juche
95, no. 4 (August 6–October 6, 2006), in Korean.

42. Yi Pong-hyon, “Kim Il-sung University Gives Capitalism Lectures,”
Hangyore Sinmun
, January 17, 1996, 1, in Korean.

43. Yang Jung-A, “North Korean Education from 7 Years Old,”
Daily NK
website, August 29, 2006, in English.

44. Jeannette Goddar, “Attentive Care by the ‘Great Leader,’ ”
Spiegel Online
, November 21, 2007, in German.

45. Philo C. Wasburn,
Broadcasting Propaganda: International Radio Broadcasting and the Construction of Political Reality
(Westport, CT: Praeger, 1992), 30. Also see Alvin A. Snyder,
Warriors of Disinformation: American Propaganda, Soviet Lies, and the Winning of the Cold War
(New York: Arcade, 1995), 25, 166.

46. See RFA’s home and FAQ pages at www.rfa.org.

47. See the KBS website at www.kbs.co.kr. This policy may change with a change in ROK government administrations.