The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism (87 page)

29
. Ball,
Slavery in the United States
, 36.

30
. Leonard Black,
The Life and Sufferings of Leonard Black, a Fugitive from Slavery
(New Bedford, CT, 1847), 24–26; Ball,
Slavery in the United States
, 15–18; Thomas Culbreth to Gov. Maryland, February 21, 1824, 818–819, in “Estimates of the Value of Slaves, 1815,”
AHR
19 (1914): 813–838.

31
. David Smith,
Biography of the Rev. David E. Smith of the A.M.E. Church
(Xenia, OH, 1881), 11–14; William Grimes,
Life of William Grimes, Written by Himself
(New York, 1825), 22; cf. Abraham Johnstone,
The Address of Abraham Johnstone, a Black Man Who Was Hanged at Woodbury, N.J.
(Philadelphia, 1797); Michael Tadman, “The Hidden History of Slave-Trading in Antebellum South Carolina: John Springs III and Other ‘Gentlemen Dealing in Slaves,’”
South Carolina Historical Magazine
97 (1996): 6–29, esp. 22. For the complex origins of the cotton gin, see Joyce Chaplin,
An Anxious Pursuit: Agricultural Innovation and Modernity in the Lower South, 1730–1815
(Chapel Hill, NC, 2013); Angela Lakwete,
Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America
(Baltimore, 2003).

32
. Cf.
New York Advertiser
, September 24, 1790.

33
. “Charleston” from
Pennsylvania Packet
, February 25, 1790; C. Peter Magrath,
Yazoo: Law and Politics in the New Republic: The Case of Fletcher v. Peck
(Providence, RI, 1966), 2–5.

34
. Jane Kamensky,
The Exchange Artist: A Tale of High-Flying Speculation and America’s First Banking Collapse
(New York, 2008); “Charleston” from
Pennsylvania Packet
, February 25, 1790.

35
. Shaw Livermore, “Early American Land Companies: Their Influence on Corporate Development” (PhD diss., Columbia University, 1939).

36
. Magrath,
Yazoo
, 6–19; Kamensky,
Exchange Artist
, 35–36.

37
. John Losson to John Smith, 1786, Pocket Plantation Papers, RASP. Series E.

38
. G. Melvin Herndon, “Samuel Edward Butler of Virginia Goes to Georgia, 1784,”
GHQ
52 (1968): 115–131, esp. 123; “The Diary of Samuel E. Butler, 1784–1786, and the Inventory and Appraisement of his Estate,” ed. G. Melvin Herndon,
GHQ
52 (1968): 208–209, 214–215;
Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790
(Washington, DC, 1908), 32; Grimes,
Life
, 25; cf. Thomas Johnson,
Africa for Christ: Twenty-Eight Years a Slave
(London, 1892), 10–11; Moses Grandy,
Life of Moses Grandy, Late a Slave in the United States of America
(Boston, 1844), 55–56; Hayden,
Narrative
, 57–59; Julius Melbourn,
Life and Opinions of Julius Melbourn
(Syracuse, NY, 1847), 9–10; James Pennington,
The Fugitive Blacksmith
(London, 1849), vi, 24, 82; James Watkins,
Narrative of the Life of James Watkins, Formerly a “Chattel” in Maryland
(Bolton, UK, 1852), 26; Lewis Charlton,
Sketches of the Life of Mr. Lewis Charlton
(Portland, ME, n.d.), 1; James Williams,
Life and Adventures of James Williams, a Fugitive Slave
(San Francisco, 1873), 11.

39
. For definition of “coffle,” see Oxford English Dictionary Online,
www.oed.com
.

40
. James Kirke Paulding,
Letters from the South, Written During an Excursion in the Summer of 1816
(New York, 1817), 126–127.

41
. Grimes,
Life
, 22;
Alexandria Gazette
, June 22, 1827; Damian Alan Pargas, “The Gathering Storm: Slave Responses to the Threat of Interregional Migration in the Early Nineteenth Century,”
Journal of Early American History
2, no. 3 (2012): 286–315; Frederic Bancroft,
Slave-Trading in the Old South
(Baltimore, 1931), 23–24. Some of the chains were literally repurposed from Atlantic slave-trading vessels. See Gardner, Dean, to Phillips, Gardner, April 10, 1807, Slavery Collection, NYHS.

42
.
New Hampshire Gazette
, October 13, 1801;
Alexandria Times
, January 10, 1800.

43
. ASAI, 69–70; John Brown,
Slave Life in Georgia
(London, 1855), 17–18.

44
. Parker Autobiography, Rankin-Parker Papers, Duke; “Aaron,”
The Light and Truth of Slavery
(Springfield, MA, 1845).

45
. Matthew Mason,
Slavery and Politics in the Early American Republic
(Chapel Hill, NC, 2006); John C. Hammond and Matthew Mason, eds.,
Contesting Slavery: The Politics of Bondage and Freedom in the New American Nation
(Charlottesville, VA, 2011).

46
. Jesse Torrey,
A Portraiture of Domestic Slavery in the United States
(Philadelphia, 1817), 39–40, 33–34.

47
. Jesse Torrey,
American Slave-Trade
(London, 1822), 66–71.

48
. Robert Goodloe Harper,
The Case of the Georgia Sales Reconsidered
(Philadelphia, 1797); Abraham Bishop,
The Georgia Speculation Unveiled
(Hartford, CT, 1797).

49
. “Charleston” from
Pennsylvania Packet
, February 25, 1790.

50
. Thomas Hart Benton,
Abridgement of the Debates of Congress, from 1798 to 1856
, 223 (March 1798).

51
. Magrath,
Yazoo
, 34–35.

52
. Klein,
Unification
, 252–254; John Cummings and Joseph A Hill,
Negro Population 1790–1915
(Washington, 1918), 45, available at
http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/00480330_TOC.pdf
; Watson Jennison,
Cultivating Race: The Expansion of Slavery in Georgia, 1750–1860
(Lexington, KY, 2012).

53
.
NR
, September 29, 1821; Gerald T. Dunne, “Bushrod Washington and the Mount Vernon Slaves,”
Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook
(1980); Robert Gudmestad,
A Troublesome Commerce: The Transformation of the Interstate Slave Trade
(Baton Rouge, LA, 2003), 6–8.

54
. Thomas Jefferson to John Holmes, April 22, 1820;
Founders’ Constitution
, 1:156; Jefferson,
Notes on the State of Virginia
, 264.

55
.
NR
, September 1, 1821.

56
. Ball,
Slavery in the United States
, 86–91.

CHAPTER 2. HEADS: 1791–1815

1
. Benjamin Latrobe,
Impressions Respecting New Orleans: Diary and Sketches, 1818–1820
, ed. Samuel Wilson Jr. (New York, 1951), 13–14; Frances Trollope,
Domestic Manners of the Americans
, ed. Pamela Neville-Sington (repr. London, 1997), 9–11; John Pintard to Sec. Treasury, September 14, 1803, TP, 9:52–53. Cf. Amos Stoddard,
Historical Sketches of Louisiana
(Philadelphia, 1812), 159–160; James Pearse,
Narrative of the Life of James Pearse
(Rutland, VT, c. 1826), 16; H. Bellenden Ker,
Travels Through the Western Interior of the United States
(Elizabethtown, NJ, 1816), 36; Pierre-Louis Berquin-Duvallon, trans. John Davis,
Travels in Louisiana and Florida in the Year 1802
(New York, 1806), 8.

2
. TASTD; James McMillin,
The Final Victims: Foreign Slave Trade to North America, 1783–1810
(Columbia, SC, 2004), 23; Stephen Behrendt, David Eltis, and David Richardson, “The Costs of Coercion: African Agency in the Pre-Modern Atlantic World,”
Economic History Review
(n.s.) 54, no. 3 (2001): 454–476.

3
. Approval Alex. Clark, Bill of Lading, March 9, 1807, Reel 1, Inward Manifests, New Orleans, RG 36, NA; John Lambert,
Travels Through Canada and the United States of America, In the Years 1806, 1807, and 1808
(London, 1816), 2:166.

4
. David Eltis,
The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas
(New York, 2000); Joseph C. Miller,
Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade
(Madison, WI, 1988); Robin C. Blackburn,
Origins of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492–1800
(London, 1997).

5
. Sidney Mintz,
Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History
(New York, 1985); Stuart Schwartz,
Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia, 1550–1835
(New York, 1985).

6
. M.L.E. Moreau de St. Méry,
Description topographique, physique, civile, politique et historique de la partie francaise de l’isle Saint-Domingue
. . . , 2 vols. (Paris, 1797); Antonio Benitez-Rojo,
The Repeating Island: The Caribbean and the Postmodern Perspective
, trans. James Maraniss (Durham, NC, 1992).

7
. Mintz,
Sweetness and Power;
Kenneth Pomeranz and Steven Topik,
The World That Trade Created: Society, Culture, and the World Economy, 1400 to the Present
, 2nd ed. (Armonk, NY, 2000); Kenneth C. Pomeranz,
The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy
(Berkeley, CA, 2000), 31–68; David Eltis, “Nutritional Trends in Africa and the Americas: Heights of Africans, 1819–1839,”
Journal of Interdisciplinary History
12 (1982): 453–475.

8
. Berquin-Duvallon,
Travels in Louisiana
, 35–37.

9
. Alexander DeConde,
This Affair of Louisiana
(New York, 1976), 61–62, 107–126; William Plumer,
William Plumer’s Memorandum of Proceedings in the U.S. Senate, 1803–1807
, ed. Edward Sommerville Brown (Ann Arbor, MI, 1923).

10
. Carolyn Fick,
The Making of Haiti: The St. Domingue Revolution from Below
(Knoxville, TN, 1990).

11
. Michel-Rolph Trouillot,
Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History
(Boston, 1995); Susan Buck-Morss, “Hegel and Haiti,”
Critical Inquiry
26 (2000): 821–865; Alfred N. Hunt,
Haiti’s Influence on Antebellum America: Slumbering Volcano in the Caribbean
(Baton Rouge, LA, 1988).

12
. C. L. R. James,
The Black Jacobins: Toussaint Louverture and the San Domingo Revolution
(New York, 1963).

13
. Stephen Englund,
Napoleon: A Political Life
(New York, 2004); Laurent DuBois,
Avengers of the New World
(New York, 2004); Robin Blackburn,
The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery
(London, 1988).