The Grand Inquisitor's Manual (50 page)

dehumanizing of victims: in Inquisition, 5, 11–13, 40, 43, 87, 113, 130, 170, 226, 233; in Nazi Germany, 13, 220, 226–27; in Stalinist Russia, 230, 233

Deism, 204

de la Barthe, Angela, 145

de León, Luis, 191–92

Délicieux, Bernard, 79

de Molay, Jacques, 140

de Montfort, Simon, 49, 50–51

denunciatio
, 73

de Páramo, Luis, 53

de Sade, Marquis, 33, 148

de Santillana, Giorgio, 164, 209, 247

Devil and the Jews, The
(Trachtenberg), 168

Devil in Massachusetts, The
(Starkey), 245

Devil/Satan, 47; black cats and, 11, 40, 142, 149; black Sabbath, 151; in Cathars’ Genesis, 35–36; “devil’s grease,” 150; Devil’s mark, 149, 154; dualism and, 31–32, 35; heretics and, 5, 13; Jews and, 171; Joan of Arc and, 155, 156; Knights Templar and, 142; “obscene kiss,” 149, 150; “Rendezvous of Devils” in Salem, 246, 254; sex with, 12, 145, 150; witches and, 145, 148, 149–50, 153

Dialogue Concerning the Two World System
(Galileo), 163

Disraeli, Benjamin, 180, 180n

Dominic, Arnold, 88

Dominic, St., 45, 52

Dominicans, 28, 30, 43–44; burning of Jews, 168; as hounds of God, 65; as inquisitors, 3, 4, 29, 52, 60, 63, 64–68, 88, 89, 122, 158; Pietro Balsama joins, 114; Torquemada, 176, 179; witch manual, 146–47; as witnesses, 77

Don Quixote
(Cervantes), 187

Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 6, 60

Douglas, Melvyn, 250

dualism, 31–32, 34, 35, 39, 62

Dworkin, Andrea, 154

Eastern Orthodox Church, 5n, 22–23, 61

Eckhart, Meister, 57

Eichmann, Adolf, 215–16, 218

England, 17; anti-Semitism, 170, 241–42; ballad, 202;; Englishmen in Spanish Inquisition, 184, 241; executions, 242; Joan of Arc and, 156; Knights Templar in, 24; lack of Inquisition in, 57, 156; Lollards persecuted, 242; torture, 242, 244–45; Witch Craze, 242

episcopal inquisition, 57, 60

Erasmus, 160

Eternal Jew, The
(film), 223

Europe’s Inner Demons
(Cohn), 142

Eymerich, Nicholas, 79–80, 92, 103, 110, 111, 145, 151, 176, 190

fama,
73, 153, 246

Fardi, Gagliardi, 136

fautorship, crime of fautor, 62, 69, 70–71, 72, 80, 92, 96, 99, 124, 178

Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, 14, 55, 166, 169, 177–84, 196

Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 204, 205

Flanders, Belgium, 58

Florence, Italy, 89, 91–92, 119, 120, 130

folk traditions, 25–26, 150–51, 152, 155

Fortescue, Sir John, 66

Fourth Lateran Council, 24, 61–62, 63, 219, 255

France: Albigensian Crusade, 45–50; burning of Jews, 168, 171; Cathars in, 34–50; Enlightenment and French Revolution, 203; forfeited property in, 121; Inquisition begins, 3; Joan of Arc, 154–59; secular government’s use of Inquisition, 45–50, 55, 58, 60–61, 63, 142–43, 154–59, 233

Franciscans, 28, 30, 43–44; book banning and burning, 160; Brother Mascar of Padua, 122; corruption, 122; as inquisitors, 3, 29, 52, 60, 63, 64–68, 91, 122; persecutions of renegade priests, 54;
spirituali,
135–36

Francis of Assisi, 28, 30, 52

Fraticelli, 137

Frederick II, King, 158

Freemasonry, 185, 208, 215

Free Spirit cult, 11, 136–37

gagging device (mute’s bridle), 128

Galileo
(Brecht), 251

Galileo Galilei, 6, 10, 133, 161–66, 208, 210

Garric, Guillem, 99

Genesis, 13, 35

Germany: anti-Semitism, 171–73; death toll, Witch Craze, 154; lack of Inquisition in, 211; Protestant Reformation, 159, 160

Germany, Nazi (Third Reich), 209, 215–28; Auschwitz, 3, 13, 15, 214; burning beards of Jews, 227; corpses as source of revenue, 224; death toll, 214, 218, 226; euphemisms, 217–18; “Final Solution,” 9, 218, 224; “first sketch of the Inquisition” and, 61; Gestapo, 216, 236; Holocaust, 6, 170, 219–20, 226; as inquisitors, 214; “Jew badge,” 222, 225; looting of victim’s property, 119, 223, 224; machinery of persecution, 15; murder without law, 227–28; Night of the Long Knives, 228; Nuremburg Laws, 218, 221, 224; persecutions of non-Jews, 215–28, 237; pogrom, 223; purity of blood, 15, 194, 219–20, 221, 238; record-keeping, 217; torture, 216–17, 218; trial of van der Lubbe, 228n; victims naming names, 217; Zyklon B, 13, 220, 225, 226

Gibbon, Edward, 7, 53

Ginzburg, Carlo, 211–12

Gitlitz, David M., 194, 225

gnostics, 31, 35, 57, 141

Goebbels, Joseph, 220, 221, 227, 237

Goya, Francisco, 6, 187

Great Terror, The
(Conquest), 231

Greene, Graham, 13

Gregory VII, Pope, 28, 29

Gregory IX, Pope, 58, 60, 63, 64, 68, 168

Gregory XIII, Pope, 170–71

Grienberger, Christophe, 162

Grimm, Jacob, 151

Gui, Bernard, 8, 9, 65–66, 69, 75–76, 86, 97, 99, 112, 131, 137, 138, 146, 151, 167

Guzmán, Domingo de, 28, 30, 44, 52

Hammer of Heretics, 67, 68, 146, 161, 247

Hammer of Witches
(Kramer and Sprenger), 146–47, 153

Hammett, Dashiell, 250

Hartmann, Johann, 136–37

Hayden, Sterling, 249

Held, Robert, 128

Hellman, Lillian, 248, 249

Henry II of Seyn, Count, 59

Henry the Monk, 27, 28, 29, 33, 43

Henry VI, Part I
(Shakespeare), 156

heresy, 2, 8, 9, 10, 13, 25–26, 213; in America, 243; children accused, 76; complicity with, 75 (
see also
fautorship); confession of, 14, 95–101; difficulty in determining, 22–26; in England, 241–42; evidence of, 73, 74, 76, 95, 103, 153; invention of new, 11, 135, 136; Judaizing, 177, 193, 198; relapse of, 78; as thought-crime, 21, 146, 191–92, 205, 209, 238.
See also specific heresies

heretics, 6, 9–13, 135, 136; “abandoned” or “relaxed” to secular authorities, 63, 64, 85, 86, 102, 114, 125–26, 196; accusations against, 10, 78–81, 86–87, 96–97; charges against the dead, 10, 86–87, 119, 120, 178; dehumanizing of, 5, 11–13, 40, 43, 87, 113; evidence against, 73, 76, 95; fautorship and, 62, 69, 70–71, 72; fear of betrayal by, 71; first burning of, 214; Fourth Lateran Council and, 62; gagging device, 128; as “heretical depravity,” 71; as “heretical filth,” 62, 87, 129–30, 137, 176, 214, 219, 226, 230; interrogation of, 65, 71, 74–78; lack of appeal right, 83; Popes’ labeling of, 12–13; “poverty fanatics” as, 136; public confession, 113–14; public display of true belief at burning, 129; punishments (
see
punishments); relapsed, 89, 158; release, 83; search for and greed, 121; self-confessed, penitents, 85, 127–28 (
see also
confession); text as, 10, 168; as “traitors to God,” 113, 130, 226, 230.
See also specific heretics

Herzl, Theodor, 215

Himmler, Heinrich, 216, 218

History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages
(Lea), 1

Hitler, Adolf, 6, 218–20, 225–26, 227–28, 236

Holy Grail, 42, 140

Honorius III, Pope, 158

Hosea, 40–41

Huss, John, 128–29, 130

Imbert, Guillame, 141

indulgences, 24, 63, 68, 73, 84, 86

informants and spies, 19–20, 69, 70, 71; McCarthyism and, 248; murder of, 88; Nazi Germany, 217; Stalinist Russia, 234; U. S., 257–58

Innocent III, Pope, 24, 52, 238, 247; Albigensian Crusade, 45–50, 58, 60–61, 63; anti-Semitism, 170; banning of ordeal, 102; burning of heretics and, 63; condemnation of Cathars, 45; on heresy, 13; on heretics, 12; legatine inquisition and, 58–60; origins of the Inquisition and, 52, 60–63

Innocent IV, Pope, 12–13, 119; sanctions torture and burning, 89, 94, 102

Innocent VIII, Pope, 145–46, 147

inquisitio
, 57, 60, 73–74, 152;
inquisitio generalis
(dragnet operation), 72, 84

Inquisition: apparatus for, 54; authoritarianism and, 23, 132, 143, 160, 209, 233; avarice and, 42–43, 47, 55, 72, 121; bureaucracy, 67, 69, 71–72; Council of Béziers and secret police, 70; as culture wars, 160–66, 186–89; current status, 208; daring idea of, 213; death toll, 17, 131; dehumanizing victim and, 5, 11–13, 40, 43, 87, 113, 170; ending of, 202–5; euphemisms, 97–98; famous victims, 6, 10, 128, 130, 133, 154–59, 161–66, 207–8; fear, use of, 8, 87, 94, 97, 126; financing, 135, 223; first victims, 4–5; grandiose ambitions, 55; Holy Office of Inquisition into Heretical Depravity, 52, 54; as lawful, 3, 16, 56, 72–86, 94, 111, 112, 122, 212; as law unto itself, 116; lawyers for, 79–80; legatine inquisition, 58–60; link with modern crimes against humanity, 3, 6, 9, 13, 15, 233 (
see also
Germany, Nazi (Third Reich); Russia, Stalinist; United States); machinery of persecution and, 61, 82, 89–90, 135, 213, 236; motives for, 4, 39–40, 42–43, 47, 55, 138; official seal, motto of, 3, 199; operating expenses, 119–22; origins, 4, 43–44, 52, 56–64; parodies, 4; police power, 89, 91–92; process, from opening sermon to execution, 68–86; revisionist histories, 7–8, 16, 54, 74, 207, 209, 211, 213; secrecy, 3, 8, 65, 69, 73–74, 77, 78–79, 80, 84, 112–13, 210; secular government’s use of, 45–50, 55, 58, 60–61, 63, 142–43, 154–59, 185–89, 233; self-preservation of, 135, 138;
sermo generalis
, 68–69; as spiritual benefactor, 64; support staff, 8, 53–54, 69, 77, 80, 130; three phases, 5, 54; transcripts, ledgers, manuals, and treatises, 6, 7, 8, 17, 46–47, 54, 56, 71–72, 75–76, 77, 89, 103–4, 130, 131, 143n, 157, 212; uniformity, continuity, and ubiquity, 56, 91; verdict of history, 7, 207–15; witches as target, 146–54; years in operation, 3, 6, 56, 64

Inquisition (medieval), 5, 6, 54, 56, 102, 159, 189, 191, 215; process, from opening sermon to execution, 68–86; as “proto-Stalinist” phenomenon, 230.
See also
Inquisition

inquisitors: absolution of, 83–84, 112–13; access to records, 77–78; Bernard Gui as, 8, 9, 65–66, 69, 146; Brother Mascar of Padua as, 122; command of church dogma, 65; Conrad of Marburg as, 58–59, 67; database, 72; early resistance, 56, 59, 87–90; embezzlement by, 122; Eymerich as, 79–80; 176; financing, 118–22; as first “Thought Police,” 9; formal address of, 70; former heretics as, 67; Fra Grimaldo as, 120; friars as, 3, 4, 29, 52, 60, 63, 64–68, 88; future popes as, 66, 79; God as first, 53; Grand Inquisitor, 98; Hammer of Heretics, 67; Hitler and Stalin as, 238; Inquisitor into Heretical Depravity, title, 69, 209; interrogation as art, 74–78; James Fournier (Pope Benedict XII) as, 79; job description, 66; justification of, 60, 258; licensing of weapons, 91–92, 122; lies told by, 84, 111; motivations, 11, 66, 135; new generation of, 214; overseer in Rome, 67; parts in the drama of, 21–22; patron saint of, 89; Pedro Arbuésas as, 179–80; perverse imaginations, 12; Robert Cardinal Bellarmine as, 68, 146; Robert le Bougre as, 67, 210; sadists as, 16, 58, 66, 95, 107–8, 109, 110; Salazar y Frias as, 146, 188; secret police for, 70; as self-appointed moral guardians, 188; Spanish Inquisition, titles, 189; SOP, 68–86; Torquemada as, 64, 67, 173, 176, 179, 181–82; uniform of, 1, 3, 64, 67, 94, 104; working quarters, 69–70; zeal, 64, 67–68

interrogation, 65, 71, 74–78; accused denied legal counsel, 79, 191; accused not told charges against them, 79, 81, 96–97; accused unable to confront accusers, 78–81, 80n; accused unable to refute secret evidence, 81; goal of, 81; Gui’s handbook, 75–76; “mortal enmity” of accuser and, 80, 81; records of, 77, 157; Spanish Inquisition, 167; of
spirituali,
135–36; testimony accepted during, 80; torture during, 76; trial of Paolo Veronese, 160–61

In the Penal Colony
(Kafka), 16

Inventing the Middle Ages
(Cantor), 213–14

Isabella II, Queen of Spain, 205

Italy, 5, 173, 210; escape from Inquisition in, 91, 134; forfeited property of heretics, 121.
See also
Roman Catholic Church; specific cities

Jackson, Donald L., 249

Jerome, St., 30

Jesuits, 162

Jewish State, The
(Herzl), 215

Jews, 182–83; apocalyptic writings, 35; badges, 171, 225; “blood libel,” 170, 171, 179, 223; burning, 168, 171, 177–78, 180, 186, 198, 202, 241–42; charges against the dead, 178; confiscation of property, 179–80; converts persecuted, 5, 10, 14, 174–84, 176n, 186, 192, 193–96, 202, 210, 221; Crusades and, 172–73; defamation of, 170–71, 181; dehumanizing of, 13, 170, 220; discriminatory laws, Spain, 175; distinctive garments, 61, 171, 175; English persecution, 241–42; expulsion from Spain, 14, 181, 182; external signs of, 178; first to reach North America, 14; fleeing Iberian Peninsula, 177–78, 180; food taboo, 194; Golden Age of Spain, 169, 173; heresy of Judaizing, 177; Kabbalism, 46; in Languedoc, 46; legend of the Wandering Jew, 169–70, 223; as Marranos, 174–75, 176n, 180, 192n, 193–94, 203; McCarthyism and, 250; Nazis persecution, 6, 170, 173, 194, 215–28; as New Christians, 175, 176n, 192, 195–96, 198; Pale of Settlement, 237; persecutions, Stalinist Russia, 236–38; pogroms, 172; “purity of blood” and, 194–96, 210; seizure of books, 168;
Sephardim
, 180n; Spanish Inquisition and, 14, 55, 166, 167–84, 192–96; Talmud as heretical, 168; trickery of inquisitors and, 168; Venetian Ghetto and, 173

Joan of Arc, 6, 10, 25, 154–59, 207–8

John, Gospel of, 35

John Paul II, Pope, 208

Johnson, Eric A., 217, 221

Johnson, Haynes, 254

John XII, Pope, 112

John XXII, Pope, 91–92, 137, 145

Justin Martyr, 41

Kafka, Franz, 16–17, 82, 92, 204

Kamen, Henry, 183, 195, 203, 211

Kamenev, Lev, 229, 231–32

Kelly, Henry Ansgar, 15–16, 74, 82–83

Knights Templar, 10, 168, 233; accusations against, 12, 141–42 143n; in England, 241; persecution, 54, 139–44, 143n, 158

Koestler, Arthur, 92, 231–32

Kramer, Heinrich, 146, 148, 153

Ladurie, Emmanuel Le Roy, 47

la Franca, Jerónima, 17

Lambert, Malcolm, 29, 41, 48, 60, 67, 75, 77–78, 136, 137, 138, 158