The Fantastic Laboratory of Dr. Weigl: How Two Brave Scientists Battled Typhus and Sabotaged the Nazis (67 page)

Cieszy
ski, Tomasz, 136, 170

civil war, in Russia, 32

Clauberg, Carl, 215–16

Clinical contributions to infectious disease and immunity research (Weigl), 37

clinical trials, 62

restrictions on, 265–68

Clostridia
, 171

clothes:

disinfection of, 33, 35, 67, 100, 139–40, 180, 202, 299

typhus transmission in, 13, 14, 24–25, 26, 29, 32, 33, 67, 91–92, 108, 180–81, 299

coccidiosis, 227

Cohn, August, 234, 248, 251, 281

cold viruses, 17

Cold War, 4, 248, 265–66, 274

Columbia University, 63

comatose conditions, 22

Combiescu, Dr., 244

Combined Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee (CIOS), 265–66

common criminals, 100, 197, 199, 204–6

communism, 4

in Germany, 99

Communists, 112, 197, 200–201, 222, 234, 235, 249, 251, 259–60, 281, 297

postwar, 283–84, 296–97

concentration camps, 99, 152, 162–63, 166, 218

biomedical professionals in, 102–4, 218

brutality in, 100–104, 137

clinics in, 102–3

commandants, 218

death certificates in, 103–4

dogs at, 226

factories at, 218

industrial-scale murder at, 218–19

labor policies at, 218

medical experiments in, 80, 90, 191–92, 201–10, 271

mortality rates at, 218–19, 299–300

policies in, 101

postwar interpreter of, 235

status and power in, 102, 197–99

Congress of People’s Commissars, 34

conscientious objectors, 266

consent, of experiment subjects, 267

contamination, 91, 108

control vaccine, 247

convalescent serum, of typhus patients, 185

“cooties,” 26

cordon sanitaire, 35

corpses, 163, 218, 255, 260

haulers of, 214

after pogrom, 129–31

corruption, 207, 236

Cottbus, 28

cow flesh, experiments with, 228

Cox, Herald, 94–95

vaccine of, 181, 190, 299, 300

crematoria, 101

creosote baths, 26, 29

crimes against humanity, 267

crowded conditions, 96, 121, 139, 220

Crusoe, Robinson (char.), 245

cultural explanations for disease, 90–91

cultures:

bacterial broth for, 228, 234

for growing typhus, 188, 240

Cumming, Cecilia, 132

Curie, Marie Skłodowska, 38

cyanide gas, 90

Czech Republic, 15

Czerniaków, Adam, 123

Dachau, 99–100, 106, 200, 259, 299

Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 287

dandelions, research into, 221–22

Daniels, Josef, 165

D-Day, 8

DDT powder, 186–87, 299–300

death, freezing to, 101

death camps, 130, 137, 163

machinery of, 192

smells of, 163, 260

see also
concentration camps

death through exhaustion, 218

death trains, 33–34

Degesch, 193

de Kruif, Paul, 58

delirium, 21–22, 34, 37, 107, 155, 185

delousing, 34

campaigns for, 26, 35, 39, 66–67, 95, 100–101, 108, 140, 181, 193

machinery for, 192

resistance to, 39

in Russian Revolution, 34, 35, 39

trains for, 39

in World War I, 26,
27
, 180–81

in World War II, 181, 193, 202, 253

Demnitz, Albert, 175

Denikin, Anton, 33

Denmark, 193, 207

deportations, by Soviets, 110–12, 117, 283

Dessau, 81

diagnosticians, 58, 89

diagnostic tests:

experience in, 57–58

falsification of, 228

for typhus, 30–31, 56, 156–58

Dialogue Concerning Two Chief World Systems
(Galileo), 241–42

diarrhea, 100, 187

Dietzsch, Arthur, 199–201, 203–8,
206
, 210, 253–55

postwar life of, 282

Ding, Erwin, 6, 11, 79–83,
83
, 99, 175, 195, 198,
262
, 281

Buchenwald medicine of, 103–5, 200–210, 229, 232, 243–46, 250–51, 262–65

burning of documents by, 258

Habilitation
of, 240–41

Kogon’s importance for, 235–37, 258

name problems of, 82–83, 105, 261

origins of, 80–82

publications of, 104, 208, 240–41

repentance of, 263

results-orientation of, 238–41, 245–46

scientific illiteracy of, 99, 201, 207, 244, 246, 263

as SS doctor, 89, 92–93, 103–5, 191–92, 261–63

as SS spy, 79

suicide of, 263–64, 268

survival instincts of, 235–36, 241, 254–55, 258–59, 262

truth kept from, 244–47

Ding, Heinrich, 81

Ding-Schuler, Erwin,
see
Ding, Erwin

Ding-Schuler, Irene, 264

diphtheria, 31, 86, 270

disabilities, 207

disease:

infectious forms of, 89–92, 105

metaphors of, 88, 90–91

specificity of, 57

disease demon, 88

disinfection:

of clothes, 33, 35, 67, 100, 139–40, 180, 202, 299

of concentration camp inmates, 100, 193

displaced-person camps, 248, 280

dissection, of lice, 68–69

dog-lung vaccines, 204

dogmatism, 86

Dopheide, Wilhelm, 137–38, 154, 169, 272

doxycycline, 301

Drix, Samuel, 155–56

Durand, Paul, 193

Dybowski, Benedykt, 135

Eastern Europe, 90, 91, 98, 204

Eastern Trade Fair, 48–49, 71, 109

Ebola virus, 17

Effektenkammer
, 8,
9

eggs:

typhus research with, 188–89, 224–25

yolk sac vaccines from, 202, 204, 233

Ehrlich, Paul, 55, 94

Eicke, Theodor, 99

Eighth Air Force, U.S., 8

Einsatzkommando
, 127–28

Eisenberg, Filip Pincus, 16–17, 19,
19
,
30
, 36, 170–71

elderly people, patients, 35, 219

Elster, Edward, 139, 168, 169

Elster, Olga, 139, 169

Endeks (Polish National Democratic Party), 74

ends justifying means, 267, 269

entomological research, 224, 248–49

environment vs. germ argument, 89

epidemiology, 42, 192, 295

Eritrea, 95–96

Erlangen, University of, 93

espionage, 192–93, 200, 248, 296–97

industrial program of, 265–66

regarding German science, 265–66

Ethiopia, 95–96, 145, 301

Italian occupation of, 96, 98

typhus vaccination in, 95

Weigl’s visit to, 95, 97–98, 277

ethnic Germans, 15, 120, 134, 149, 153, 165, 220

Ettersberg, 8–9, 99

eugenics, 93, 192

European theater of war, 181

euthanasia program, 138, 268

exanthin reaction, 53, 156

Exodus
, 13, 280

extermination, gas for, 3, 193, 218

Eyer, Gertrud, 252–53

Eyer, Hermann, 6, 92–94, 95, 106–8, 133, 152, 175–76, 184, 187–90, 233, 246

accusations against, 277

Catholicism of, 92, 165

humanity of, 152, 163–66, 171, 172–73, 252, 291

Meisel correspondence with, 290–92

Poland’s accusations against, 273

postwar life of, 272–74, 290–92

Przybyłkiewicz and, 277, 279

publications of, 108

scientific foes of, 187–90

Weigl obituary by, 290

Weigl vaccine and, 188

Eyer, Peter, 172, 252–53, 274

facemasks, 28–29

facial hair:

fashions in, 16–17

forced shaving of, 100

facial swelling, 184

family doctor, 86–87

Farber, Sidney, 287

farmers, 143

fascism, 96

fashion industry as, 85

fatigue, 21

Faust
(Goethe), 4, 9

Fejkel, Władisław, 215, 220

Felix, Arthur, 30–31, 185

fever, 21–22, 36–37

Field Information Agency Technical (FIAT) program, 265–66, 272

filthy environments, 89–91, 108

Final Solution, 118, 126, 141, 193, 218

Finkel, Adam, 53–54, 69–70, 171

fleas, 21

Fleck, Ernestyna Waldman, 138, 177–78, 256–57, 279–80, 292–93,
293
, 297

Fleck, Ludwik, 3–6, 7–8, 10–12, 14–17, 53–59,
57
, 83–92,
293

accusations against, 250, 294

as anti-Semitism target, 53, 56, 75–76

arrest of, 170, 177–78

at Auschwitz, 211–30, 258

and Balachowsky, 248–50

Buchenwald phase of, 230, 232–33, 240–47, 250–51, 258, 270

capo’s attack on, 214

courage of, 177–78, 287

creativity of, 284–85

female assistants of, 287, 292

Israel years of, 294–97

lectures of, 56–57, 84, 287

Lublin life of, 285–88

and Lwów team postwar, 280–82

Nazi period for, 138–40, 156–58, 167–70, 177–78, 211–30

Nuremberg testimony of, 271–72, 288

as philosopher of science, 3–4, 10–11, 54, 55–60, 76, 84–91, 241–45

postwar life of, 279–80, 284–88, 292–97

private Lwów lab of, 54, 76, 83, 224

as professor, 285, 287

secret police file of, 287

as sociologist of science, 58, 84–91, 238, 287

in Soviet occupation, 113

typhus research of, 7, 11–12, 14, 16, 36, 53–54, 156–58, 167–69, 212, 224

Warsaw years of, 292–94,
293

Fleck, Maurycy, 16

Fleck, Ryszard, 78, 138, 139, 177–78, 212–14, 227–28, 247, 256–59

postwar life of, 279–80

Fleckfieber
, 20, 158

Fleck-Kessler, Henryka, 138–39

Fleck-Silber, Antonina, 138–39

flying squirrels, 300–301

Folkmann, Adolf, 170

food rations, 166, 173, 182, 206, 221, 232

for experimentees, 204–5

forced labor, 137, 181, 197, 218, 234–35, 256

formalin, 193, 224

formic acid, 187

France, 94, 105, 193, 248, 253, 280

health ministry of, 195

Nazi prosecution by, 266

Frank, Anne, 299

Frank, Hans, 3, 105, 119, 131, 140, 169,
175
, 176

Frankfurt, 55, 94, 167

Frankfurt an der Oder, 257

Franz Josef, Emperor, 36

Freiburg, 252–53

Freising internment camp, 263–64

Freud, Sigmund, 55

Frostig, Jakob, 54–55

Fu Jen Catholic University, 66

fumigation, with hydrogen cyanide, 67

Fussgänger, Rudolf, 209–10

Gaertner, Henryk, 276

Galicia, 14–16, 46, 111, 134, 162, 176, 252, 265

Galileo, 241

Gali
ski, Tadeusz, 162

gangrene, 22, 66

gas chambers, 101, 137

gauleiter
, 93

Gebauer, Fritz, 137

Generalgouvernement
, 105–7, 114, 119–20, 133, 137–38, 142, 166, 176

health department of, 137–38, 175, 188

Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact
(Fleck), 3–4, 76, 79, 83–91, 242, 296

book reviews of, 83–84

genetic shift, of pathogens, 61

genocide, 193

Genzken, Karl, 105, 192, 268, 271

Geomedizin
, 89–92, 118, 120

German troops:

engineering battalions of, 181

letters home from, 185–86

manpower needs in, 220

retreat of, 180, 182, 220

state of health of, 204–5, 216

vaccination lacking among, 181

winter clothing for, 180–81

in World War I, 25–26

in World War II, 7, 23, 75, 95

see also
Wehrmacht

Germany, 7, 9–11, 31, 33, 63

cities bombed in, 218

civilians in, 186

Polish invasion by, 95

postwar medicine in, 272

refugees post World War II in, 280, 281

scientists from, 195

typhus research in, 94–95, 187

see also
Nazi Germany

germs, 11, 17, 21, 31, 36, 63, 203

identifying of, 56

Koch’s view of, 89

Gerstein, Kurt, 192, 264

Gestapo, 106, 108, 126, 139, 149, 154, 162, 165, 167, 173, 212, 218, 252

bunker of, 7, 200, 253–54

Fleck seized by, 177–79

headquarters of, 167