they pay a low “career cost”:
Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz, “The Career Cost of Family,” Sloan Conference Focus on Flexibility, November 30, 2010. http://workplaceflexibility.org/images/uploads/program_papers/goldin_-_the_career_cost_of_family.pdf.
Surveys of Generation Y reveal:
Sylvia Ann Hewlett, Laura Sherbin, and Karen Sumberg, “How Gen Y and Boomers Will Reshape Your Agenda,”
Harvard Business Review
, July 2009.
The chart, which had originally appeared in
U.S. News & World Report:
Alex Kingsbury, “Many Colleges Reject Women at Higher Rates Than for Men,”
U.S. News & World Report
, June 17, 2007.
Heriot wrote up a proposal:
See full text of the proposal in “A Professor Proposes to Examine Gender Bias in College Admissions,”
The Chronicle of Higher Education
, October 31, 2009.
The public reason they gave was “inadequate” data:
See Daniel de Vise, “Federal Panel Ends Probe of College Gender Bias,”
The Washington Post
, March 16, 2011.
Women earn almost 60 percent:
See “The Condition of Education 2011,” NCES 2011-033, National Center for Education Statistics, 2011. http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2011033.
Between 1970 and 2008:
See David Autor, “The Polarization of Job Opportunities in the U.S. Labor Market,” Center for American Progress and The Hamilton Project, April 2010. http://economics.mit.edu/files/5554.
Among college graduates sixty-five and over:
See “Field of Bachelor’s Degree in the United States: 2009,” American Community Survey Reports, February 2012.
Women now earn 60 percent of master’s degrees:
See Nathan E. Bell, “Graduate Enrollment and Degrees: 2000–2010,” Council of Graduate Schools and Graduate Record Examinations Board, September 2011.
about half of all law and medical degrees:
Women earned 47.2 percent of JDs in 2009-2010, according to the American Bar Association, and earned 48.4 percent of MD degrees from US medical schools in 2011, according to the Association of American Medical Colleges.
about 44 percent of all business degrees:
See Nathan E. Bell, “Graduate Enrollment and Degrees: 2000–2010,” Council of Graduate Schools and Graduate Record Examinations Board, September 2011. http://www.cgsnet.org/ckfinder/userfiles/files/R_ED2010.pdf.
In twenty-seven of those countries:
OECD, Education at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, (OECD Publishing, 2011). http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/61/2/48631582.pdf.
The same is true:
Philip G. Altbach, Liz Reisberg, and Laura E. Rumbley, “Trends in Global Higher Education: Tracking an Academic
Revolution,” Report Prepared for the UNESCO World Conference on Higher Education, 2009. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001831/183168e.pdf.
women in Saudi Arabia:
See “Higher Education: The Path to Progress for Saudi Women,” World Policy Institute blog, October 18, 2011. http://www.worldpolicy.org/blog/2011/10/18/higher-education-path-progress-saudi-women.
In Brazil, 80 percent of college-educated women:
See Sylvia Ann Hewlett and Ripa Rashid, “The Battle for Female Talent in Brazil,” Center for Work-Life Policy, December 15, 2011. http://www.worklife-policy.org/documents/CWLP_BattleForFemaleTalentInBrazil_copyright2.pdf.
as the economists:
Claudia Goldin, Lawrence F. Katz, and Ilyana Kuziemko, “The Homecoming of American College Women: The Reversal of the College Gender Gap,”
Journal of Economic Perspectives
20, no. 4 (2006): 133–156.
As Adlai Stevenson told a Smith graduating class:
Adlai Stevenson, “A Purpose for Modern Woman,” Smith College Commencement Speech, 1955.
In 1957 the average boy:
See Goldin, “Homecoming.”
Between 1968 and the late 1970s:
See Goldin, “Homecoming.”
By 1973, only 17 percent of female college freshmen:
See Goldin, “Homecoming.”
Now, according to the Census Bureau:
Data for the population twenty-five and over with a bachelor’s degree or higher, from the 2011 Current Population Survey.
In 2005, a study:
Sandy Baum and Eban Goodstein, “Gender Imbalance in College Applications: Does it Lead to a Preference for Men in the Admissions Process?”
Economics of Education Review
24, no. 6 (2005): 665–675.
Jennifer Delahunty Britz, the dean of admissions and financial aid at Kenyon College:
Jennifer Delahunty Britz, “To All the Girls I’ve Rejected,”
The New York Times
, March 23, 2006.
In a 2006 paper:
Claudia Buchmann and Thomas DiPrete, “The Growing Female Advantage in College Completion: The Role of Family Background and Academic Achievement,”
American Sociological Review
71, no. 4 (2006): 515–554.
Christina Hoff Sommers caused a storm:
Christina Hoff Sommers, “The War Against Boys,”
The Atlantic
, May 2000.
Boys, writes Michael Gurian:
See Kelley King, Michael Gurian,
and Kathy Stevens, “Gender-Friendly Schools,”
Educational Leadership
68, no. 3 (2010): 38–42.
In a
Newsweek
story:
Peg Tyre, “The Trouble with Boys,”
Newsweek
, January 29, 2006. http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2006/01/29/the-trouble-with-boys.html.
But as neuroscientist:
Lise Eliot, “Stop Pseudoscience of Gender Differences in Learning,” ASCD Community Blog, November 3, 2010.http://ascd.typepad.com/blog/2010/11/myth-of-pink-blue-brains.html.
In the latest assessment:
“The Nation’s Report Card: Reading 2011,” NCES 2012-457, National Center for Education Statistics. http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2012457.
nearly one in four white sons:
Richard Whitmire,
Why Boys Fail: Saving Our Sons from an Educational System That’s Leaving Them Behind
(AMACOM, 2010), p. 25.
In math, scores of both boys and girls:
National Assessment of Educational Progress 1990, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009 and 2011 Mathematics Assessments, National Center for Education Statistics.
“The world has gotten more verbal”:
Whitmire,
Why Boys Fail,
p. 28.
ninth-grade bulge:
Whitmire,
Why Boys Fail,
p. 21.
They are more likely than boys:
See tables 157 and 159 in “Digest of Education Statistics: 2010,” National Center for Education Statistics. http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d10/.
University of Michigan study:
Jerald G. Bachman, Lloyd D. Johnston, and Patrick M. O’Malley, “Monitoring the Future: Questionnaire Responses from the Nation’s High School Seniors, 2010,” University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, 2011.
“What for?”
George Eliot,
The Mill on the Floss
(Harper & Brothers, 1860), p. 32.
“Monitoring the Future”:
Jerald G. Bachman et al., “Monitoring the Future.”
up from 19 percent:
Lloyd D. Johnston and Jerald G. Bachman, “Monitoring the Future: Questionnaire Responses from the Nation’s High School Seniors, 1975,” University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, 1980.
A lawmaker in China recently proposed:
Gao Changxin and Wang Hongyi, “Bars Should Be Lowered for Boys in Exams, Lawmaker Says,”
China Daily,
March 9, 2012.
an “attempt to assert power”:
Joyce Carol Oates, “The Witchcraft of Shirley Jackson,”
The New York Review of Books
, October 8, 2009.
After poisoning the sugar bowl:
Shirley Jackson,
We Have Always Lived in the Castle
(New York: Viking/Penguin, 1962), p. 161.
“My impression was that Mrs. Schuster”:
Chris Collins, “Psychiatrist Says Schuster Had Battered Spouse Syndrome,”
The Fresno Bee
, November 15, 2007.
Brett Steenbarger, who gives advice:
Brett Steenbarger, “Four Overlooked Qualities of Successful Traders,” blog entry on TraderFeed, January 11, 2007. http://traderfeed.blogspot.com/2007/01/four-overlooked-qualities-of.html.
The bravest and most skilled fighter:
Simon Baron-Cohen,
The Essential Difference: Male and Female Brains and the Truth about Autism
(New York: Basic Books, 2003), p. 124.
Such evolutionary origins “have important ramifications”:
Kingsley Browne,
Divided Labours: An Evolutionary View of Women at Work
(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998), p. 3.
global homicide statistics show that men:
”2011 Global Study on Homicide,” United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2011, p.70. http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/Homicide/Globa_study_on_homicide_2011_web.pdf.
Neuroscientist Lise Eliot explains:
Lise Eliot,
Pink Brain, Blue Brain: How Small Differences Grow into Troublesome Gaps—and What We Can Do About It
(New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009), p. 260.
attributes the historical decrease in violence :
Steven Pinker,
The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined
(New York: Viking, 2011).
Jesse Prinz points out in his recent influential article:
Jesse Prinz, “Why Are Men So Violent?”
Psychology Today
, February 3, 2012.
As best-selling crime writer Patricia Cornwell:
Sam Tanenhaus, “Violence That Art Didn’t See Coming,”
The New York Times
, February 24, 2010.
The share of women arrested for violent crimes:
“Women in America: Indicators of Social and Economic Well-Being,” White House Council on Women and Girls, March 2011, p. 54. http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/Women_in_America.pdf.
arrests of girls for assault climbed:
FBI data analyzed by Meda Chesney-Lind, “Girls and Violence: Is the Gender Gap Closing?” National Resource Center on Domestic Violence, 2011. http://www.vawnet.org/applied-research-papers/print-document.php?doc_id=383.
juvenile male arrest rate for simple assault:
“Juvenile Arrest Rates for Simple Assault by Sex, 1980–2009,” Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Statistical Briefing Book, October 2011. http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/crime/JAR_Display.asp?ID=qa05241.
In that age group, arrests for violent crimes :
Data taken from FBI Uniform Crime Reports.
But in the latest cohort, that trend:
In 2009, there were 144,007 estimated drug- and violence-related arrests for women under eighteen, and 928,500 for women eighteen and over, according to “Arrest in the United States, 1980–2009,” Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2011. http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/aus8009.pdf.
From 1985 to 2002, girls’ juvenile court cases:
Elizabeth Cauffman, “Understanding the Female Offender,”
Juvenile Justice
18, no. 2 (2008): 119–142.
During about the same period, the detention:
Meda Chesney-Lind, Merry Morash, and Tia Stevens, “Girls’ Troubles, Girls’ Delinquency, and Gender Responsive Programming: A Review,”
The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology
41, no. 1 (2008): 162–189.
what some criminologists call “vengeful equity”:
Meda Chesney-Lind, “Women in Prison: From Partial Justice to Vengeful Equity,”
Corrections Today
60, no. 7 (1998): 66–73.
“The uncomfortable fact is that for all”:
Tanenhaus, “Violence.”
TMZ posted a video of her punching:
“‘Teen Mom’ Star in Brutal Catfight—On Tape,” TMZ, March 25, 2011. http://www.tmz.com/2011/03/25/teen-mom-2-jenelle-evans-catfight-video-footage-britany-truett-fist-brawl.
If there is any relevant ethnography to apply:
Cindy D. Ness,
Why Girls Fight: Female Youth Violence in the Inner City
(New York: New York University Press, 2010).
A 2010 White House report on women and girls:
“Women in America: Indicators of Social and Economic Well-Being,” p. 53.
A recent British study showed:
Marianne Hester, “Who Does What to Whom? Gender and Domestic Violence Perpetrators,” University of Bristol in association with the Northern Rock Foundation, June 2009.
http://www.nr-foundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Who-Does-What-to-Whom.pdf.
One British study found:
John Mays, “Domestic Violence: The Male Perspective,”
Parity
, July 2010. http://www.parity-uk.org/RSMDVConfPresentation-version3A.pdf.