Authors: Kent Flannery,Joyce Marcus
Figure 50 (JK):
Redrawn, with modification, from Charles S. Spencer and Elsa M. Redmond, “Militarism, Resistance and Early State Development in Oaxaca, Mexico,”
Social Evolution and History
2 (2003): 25–70.
Figure 51 (KC):
This drawing is based on photos taken by Joyce Marcus at Monte Albán.
Figure 52 (JK):
This painting was inspired by a photo in Alfonso Caso and Ignacio Bernal, “Urnas de Oaxaca,”
Memoria
2 (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City, 1952).
Figure 53 (JK):
This drawing was inspired by a color painting in Walter Alva and Christopher B. Donnan,
Royal Tombs of Sipán
(Fowler Museum of Cultural History, UCLA, Los Angeles, 1993).
Figure 54:
Detail from a drawing in Christopher B. Donnan and Donna McClelland,
Moche Fineline Painting: Its Evolution and Its Artists
(Fowler Museum of Cultural History, UCLA, Los Angeles, 1999). Reproduced by permission of Christopher B. Donnan and the estate of Donna McClelland.
Figure 55 (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from William J. Folan, Joyce Marcus, and W. Frank Miller, “Verification of a Maya Settlement Model through Remote Sensing,”
Cambridge Archaeological Journal
5 (1995): 277–282.
Figure 56 (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from William J. Folan et al., “Calakmul: New Data from an Ancient Maya City in Campeche, Mexico,”
Latin American Antiquity
6 (1995): 310–334.
Figure 57 (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from Linda Schele and Mary E. Miller,
The Blood of Kings
(Kimbell Art Museum, Forth Worth, Tex., 1986). See also Joyce Marcus, “Identifying Elites and Their Strategies,” in Christina M. Elson and R. Alan Covey, eds.,
Intermediate Elites in Pre-Columbian States and Empires
(University of Arizona Press, 2006), 212–246.
Figure 58 (KC):
This map combines information from a variety of sources. The coverage of Upper Egypt is partly inspired by Barry J. Kemp,
Ancient Egypt
(Routledge, London, 1989).
Figure 59 (KC):
This version of the Narmer palette is redrawn from Joyce Marcus,
Mesoamerican Writing Systems
(Princeton University Press, 1992).
Figure 60 (JK):
This drawing was inspired by photographs in Christiane Desroches-Noblecourt,
Tutankhamen: Life and Death of a Pharaoh
(New York Graphic Society, New York, 1978).
Figure 61 (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from Hilda Kuper,
An African Aristocracy: Rank among the Swazi
(Oxford University Press, 1947).
Figure 62 (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from Hilda Kuper,
An African Aristocracy: Rank among the Swazi
(Oxford University Press, 1947).
Figure 63 (JK):
This drawing was inspired by two different photos in Malcolm D. McLeod,
The Asante
(British Museum, London, 1981).
Figure 64 (KC):
This map combines information from a variety of sources and is partly inspired by Gregory A. Johnson, “Late Uruk in Greater Mesopotamia: Expansion or Collapse?”
Origini
14 (1988–1989): 595–613.
Figure 65 (KC):
This illustration is a montage. It combines building plans redrawn, with modification, from Hans J. Nissen,
An Early History of the Ancient Near East
(University of Chicago Press, 1988), and Ann Louise Perkins, “The Comparative Archaeology of Early Mesopotamia,”
Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization
25 (Oriental Institute, University of Chicago, 1949).
Figure 66 (JK):
The drawing of the temple oval is loosely based on an original work by David West Reynolds, which is the property of Flannery and Marcus. The diagram of the high priest’s residence is redrawn, with modification, from Kent V. Flannery, “The Ground Plans of Archaic States,” in Gary M. Feinman and Joyce Marcus, eds.,
Archaic States
(School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, N. Mex., 1998), 15–57.
Figure 67 (JK):
Redrawn, with modification, from C. Leonard Woolley,
Ur Excavations 2: The Royal Cemetery
(British Museum, London, and University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia, 1934).
Figure 68 (JK):
This drawing is based on a photograph taken by Joyce Marcus.
Figure 69 (JK):
This drawing was inspired by a photograph in Richard A. Diehl,
Tula: The Toltec Capital of Ancient Mexico
(Thames and Hudson, London, 1983).
Figure 70 (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from the sixteenth-century Codex Mendoza; see Frances F. Berdan and Patricia R. Anawalt,
The Essential Codex Mendoza
(University of California Press, 1997).
Figure 71 (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from William H. Isbell, “Mortuary Preferences: A Wari Culture Case Study from Middle Horizon Peru,”
Latin American Antiquity
15 (2004): 3–32.
Figure 72 (JK):
This illustration is a montage. It combines ground plans redrawn, with modification, from several different chapters in Michael E. Moseley and Kent C. Day, eds.,
Chan Chan: Andean Desert City
(University of New Mexico Press, 1982).
Figure 73 (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from the sixteenth-century author Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala,
El Primer Nueva Corónica y Buen Gobierno,
3 vols. (Siglo Veintiuno, Mexico City, 1980).
Abu Fanduweh (site), 452–453, 459
Abu Hureyra (site), 131–133, 136, 142, 151, 468
Abydos (site), 398, 404, 405
Administrative hierarchy, 335, 374–377, 386, 438, 446, 453, 485, 514, 529–530, 543, 556
Age-based discrimination, 558
Age-grades: defined, 178
Age regiments: defined, 350
Ahupua’a (territory): defined, 333
Ain Ghazal (site), 134–136, 159, 205
Ain Mallaha (site), 126–127
Akan, 435, 443
Akapana, 524
Akhnaten (Amenhotep IV) (ruler), 398, 415–416
Akkadian (society), 455, 484, 494–497, 557
Aklla wasi: defined, 536
Akwamu (society), 436–437, 446
Altamira Cave (site), 14
Altepetl: defined, 510
Altruism, 33–34
Amorites (society), 497–499
Anahulu Valley, 346, 360, 369
Anarchic freedom, 19, 86
Andaman Islanders, 42–45, 86, 123, 550
Andrianampoinimerina (ruler), 360, 363
Angulate tortoise, 6
A’o titles, 315
Apa Tani (society), 251–259, 260, 283, 288, 296
Archaic modern humans, 4, 6
Arctic Small Tool Tradition, 21
Ariki (ali’i, ari’i): defined, 210
Arpachiyah (site), 268, 270, 272–275, 473
Arroyo Hondo (site), 156
Arslantepe (site), 467–468
Asana (site), 146–147
Asante (society), 347, 434–447, 531
Asia (site), 243–244
Áspero (site), 239, 241
Assembly halls: at Arslantepe, 467; at Tepe Gawra, 466; at Uruk, 463
Atexcala Canyon Site, 141–142
Athapaskan (society), 83–85, 293
Aucaypata: defined, 536
Audiencias: defined, 528–529
Australian Aborigines, 16, 46–53, 84, 131, 134, 169, 181, 536
Avatip (village), 188–191, 198, 210, 315, 563
Awe-inspiring experience: defined, 57; 60, 559
Ayllu: defined, 532
Ayni: defined, 532
Azcapotzalco, 510–513
Aztec (society), 504–505, 507–521, 527, 531, 533, 535, 556–557
Babylon, 499, 501
Bachelors’ hut, 42, 45, 77, 101, 127, 215, 550
Bantama (royal Asante mausoleum), 440, 444–445, 447
Bantu migration, 29, 223, 348, 422
Basarwa (society), 15, 19, 29–35, 40, 123, 142, 223, 550, 560
Bat Cave (site), 154
Bau (temple estate), 485, 489–491
Beer:
barley beer, 402–404, 411, 472, 478, 490–491
maize beer, 147, 219, 221–222, 243, 522, 537, 541
rice beer, 106, 112, 203–204, 252
Bemba (society), 223–228, 300, 305, 312, 319, 336, 362–363, 384, 446–447, 563
Bering land bridge, 11
Beveled-rim bowl(s): defined, 454
Big Kahuna: defined, 335
Big Man, 53, 95–96, 99, 101–104, 109, 117–121, 188, 210, 477, 552–554
Bir Kiseiba (site), 396–398
Blombos Cave (site), 6
Blue Nile, 394
Boomerang, 47–48, 51
Bride-price, 17, 66, 85, 100, 116, 193, 200, 214, 550, 554
Bride service, 32, 36, 54, 84, 431, 550
Bridge River site, 79–80
Built environment, 328
Bulla (bullae): defined, 454
Cacaxtla (site), 505–506
Calakmul (site), 386–390, 393, 410, 438, 456
Calpulli: defined, 515–516
Cañete Valley, 539–540
Cantona (site), 505–506
Cape turban shell, 6
Captive-taking, 390–392, 506
Caral (site), 238–243
Caribou Eskimo, 15, 19, 23–24
Cataracts of the Nile: defined, 398
Catfish, 8, 41, 177, 291, 309
Cauca Valley societies, 216–219, 230, 237, 245, 301, 312, 335, 364
Cayao: defined, 541
Çayönü (site), 136–138, 142, 151, 155, 159, 205, 261
Cella: defined, 276
Ceremonial lodge(s), 110, 172, 177
Cerro Arena (site), 378–379
Cerro Baúl (site), 522, 525
Cerro Oreja (site), 378–379
Cerro Sechín (site), 244–245, 370
Chac mool: defined, 508–509
Chain reaction (state formation), 373–374, 422–424, 434, 448–449, 459, 465, 556
Chan Chan (site), 527–529
Chanka (society), 532, 542–543
Charki: defined, 243
Chavín de Huántar (site), 246–249
Chicha (see Beer: maize beer)
Chichimec (society), 510
Chickasaw (society), 303–306
Chiefdom (territorial unit): defined, 214
Chilca (site), 148
Chimbu (society), 95–99, 101, 117, 163
Chimor, 525, 527, 529, 537
Chimpanzees, 37–38, 58–59, 473, 555
Chimu (society), 525–530, 532, 538
Chincha Valley, 538–539, 543
Chisü (ritual): defined, 107
Chocolate, 376–377, 505, 509, 520
Choga Mami (site), 263, 473
Chogha Mish (site), 263, 450–456, 458–459, 473
Chumash (society), 67–71, 74, 501
Chumash plank canoe (tomol), 68–70
Churinga, 50
Churinga ilpintira (ritual), 62–63
Circumcision (ritual), 46, 61
Ciudadela(s) (royal compounds): defined, 527
Civic-ceremonial center, 327, 332, 336
Class endogamy: defined, 313
Club-rush, 8
Coatepantli: defined, 508
Coatlicue, 511–512, 517
Coconut milk, 119, 322
Coconut palm, 93, 119
Collana: defined, 541
Collca: defined, 538
Comal, see Griddle
Competitive interaction, 434, 473–474
Cones (temple decoration): defined, 454
Coosa Confederacy, 311, 364
Cordyline (magical plant), 93, 104, 189–190
Corvée labor: defined, 225
Cosmology: defined, 56
Council of Elders, 296, 481, 485
Coxcatlán Cave (site), 140–141
Cuello (site), 384
Cueva Blanca (site), 142
Culhuacan, 511–512, 543
Cuneiform writing: defined, 476
Cusco (site), 531–532, 535–538, 540
Dafla (society), 251, 253–255
Dao (knife): defined, 105
De
ğ
irman Tepe (site), 293
Denkyira (society), 435–438, 444, 446
Dentalium shells, 125–126, 172
Dingiswayo (ruler), 350–352, 423, 497
Dlamini (clan), 423–434
Dominance hierarchy:
alphas, 37–38, 58–60, 65, 104, 301, 362, 412, 473, 478, 548, 555
betas, 37, 58–60, 65, 104, 412, 548, 555
gammas, 58–60, 65, 412
Dorset Culture, 21
Dynasty: defined, 408–409
Dynasty 0 (Egypt), 404, 408
Dynasty 1 (Egypt), 408–409
Eanna (sector of Uruk site): defined, 457
Early Dynastic period (Mesopotamia): dated, 475
Earth spirits, 192–198, 230
Ecological niche construction, 7
Ecological release, 5
Egyptian(s) (society), 320, 365, 394–422, 498–499, 514, 531, 555–556
Elamite (society), 451–452, 496, 499
El Mirador (site), 385–387
El-Wad Cave (site), 123–125
Empire: defined, 382, 496–497
Enga (society), 99–101, 551, 553
Ensí: defined, 485
Epigraphy: defined, 475
Eridu (site), 284–288, 291, 294, 453, 460, 473, 477, 484, 486
Ethnic stereotyping or discrimination, 355, 363, 416–418, 434, 498, 556
Etoro (society), 94–95, 97, 163, 251
Etowah (site), 300, 307–312
Euphrates River, 128, 131, 282–284, 289, 291, 293, 457–458, 468–470, 473, 484, 492, 494, 497–498
Eye Temple (at Tell Brak site), 471
Fa’itokas (commoner burial mounds): defined, 212: 317
Fatherland (site), 298
Fayum Oasis, 395–397, 399, 414
Feasts:
funerary, 82, 84, 127, 222, 320
of merit, 71–72, 82, 203, 256, 551
Fiji (society), 314, 316, 318–319, 321
First-generation kingdom(s), 367–393, 405, 453, 544
Flint corn, 171, 299, 302, 309
Folsom (society), 27–29
Formalist economics, 502
Fynbos: defined, 7
Gagarino (site), 12
Galindo (site), 527
Galla (society), 365
Gaza, 400
Genna (ritual feast): defined, 106
Ghana, 435, 447
Gheo-shih (site), 139–140
Girsu (Tell Luh site), 484–486, 492–493, 495
Göbekli Tepe (site), 128–131, 151, 159, 162
Godin Tepe (site), 457
Gravettian (society), 12–13, 20