The Confederate Nation: 1861 to 1865 (59 page)

Peninsula campaign, 145–146, 155, 158–162

Pennsylvania

burning of Chambersburg, 276

Lee’s forces in, 219, 242–243

Perkins, John, 76

Perry, Benjamin F., 49

Perry, Madison S., 51, 69

Perryville, battle of, 164

Peterhof,
ship, 184

Petersburg

food supply in, 205

siege of, 269–270, 283

Pettigrew, J. Johnston, 70

Pettus, J. J., 48, 218

Pickens, Francis W., and assault on Fort Sumter, 68–71

Pickett, George E., at Five Forks, 300

Pickett, John T., Confederate agent in Mexico, 83, 185

Pickett’s charge, at Gettysburg, 243

Pike, Albert, 188

Pillow, Gideon J., at Fort Donelson, 127

planters

penchant for violence, 20

in prewar social structure, 6, 8–9

and social ferment, 232–234

Pleasant Hill, battle of, 288

Poe, Edgar Allan, 24–25

politics and prewar cultural nationalism, 28–34

Polk, Leonidas, 124, 246

at Cassville, 270

Pope, John, at second Manassas, 163

Porter, David D., at Vicksburg, 215

Port Royal, captured, 125

Portsmouth, Virginia, martial law in, 150

Post Office, beginnings of, 77–78

precapitalist economy, prewar, 15–16

President’s General War Order Number One, 143

Preston, Sally (Buck), 272

Price, Sterling, 88, 124, 140

at Wilson’s Creek, 124

price fixing, 152, 235

private property, impressment of, 196

profit

control of, 209

tax on, 198

Protestantism, and prewar cultural nationalism, 21–23

Provisions and Clothing Bureau, 207

Pryor, Penelope, 238

Pryor, Roger A., 43

Pryor, Mrs. Roger A., 227

Pryor, Shepard G” 238

Quantrill, William Clarke, raid on Lawrence, Kansas, 247–248

Quartermaster Bureau, 207, 208

and impressment of private property, 196

Quintero, Juan A., and Mexican recognition of Confederacy, 185–186

Quitman, John A., 48

railroads

and strategy, 106

and war industry, 211

Rains, George W., 213

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 120

Ramseur, Dodson, 190

Randolph, George W., 236

Randolph, George Wythe

as secretary of war, 149, 191–192

and Peninsula campaign, 158, 159

Reagan, John H., 56, 117

and cabinet reshuffle, 148–149

named postmaster general, 77–78

refugeeing, and slave system, 240

religion

and cultural nationalism, 21–23

and national life, 245–247

Resaca, battle of, 270

resources, and strategy, 105–106

revolution, Confederate vs. American, 221–223

Rhett, Robert Barnwell Jr.

and assault on Fort Sumter, 69

and opposition to Davis, 142

Rhett, Robert Barnwell Sr., and secession, 42–43, 46, 47, 59, 63

Richmond

capital moved from Montgomery to, 99–101

early days as capital, 101–104

evacuated, 299–300

finances, 1862, 136–137

food supply problems, 1863, 201–205

martial law in, 151–152

Richmond
Dispatch,
204, 293

on first black company, 297

Richmond
Enquirer,
102

on blacks as soldiers, 291–292

Richmond
Examiner,
142, 143, 156, 168, 192, 230, 293, 296

on cabinet reshuffle, 150

on first Manassas, 118

on Revolutionary War, 222

Richmond
Sentinel,
293

Richmond
Whig,
293, 296

The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government
(Davis), 305

Risorgimento,
171, 184, 188

River Queen,
steamboat, 294

Roanoke Island, battle of, 120–123

Roebuck, John A., 220, 243

Roman, A. B., 81

Rosecrans, William S.

at Chattanooga, 216, 250–251

at Chickamauga, 252

at Murfreesboro, 165

Ross, Fitzgerald, 219

Rost, Pierre A., mission to Europe, 81, 83, 170, 172–173, 179

Ruffin, Edmund, 1, 5, 37–38, 85

and capture of Fort Sumter, 69, 92, 93

and execution of John Brown, 2–3

at first Manassas, 118–119

and surrender at Appomattox, 305–306

Russell, Lord John, 84

and recognition of Confederacy, 171, 172, 178, 179–180

Russia, and recognition of Confederacy, 181, 256–257

Sabine Crossroads, battle of, 288

St. John, Isaac M., 208

Saltville, battle of, 276

San Jacinto, sloop, 173

Savannah, Sherman captures, 280–281

Scheibert, Justus, 219

Schofield, John M.

at Cassville, 271

at Spring Hill, 281

science and technology, wartime, 231–232

Scott, Sir Walter, 23

Sea-Bird,
flagship, 121

secession

Alabama, 38, 43, 49–51

border states vote on, 85–90

cooperationists, 41–42

Florida, 38, 51–52

Georgia, 38, 43, 52–54

Louisiana, 38, 43, 55

Mississippi, 38, 43, 47–49

Montgomery convention on, 38–41, 44, 52, 55–56

South Carolina, 38, 41–43, 45

sectional identity, South, 5

secular culture, and prewar cultural nationalism, 23–28

Seddon, James A., 206

on Cleburne’s Memorial, 263

and defense of Vicksburg, 218–219

named secretary of war, 192

refuses commission for Quantrill, 247

resigns under pressure, 286–287

self-concept, modifications of, 224–225

“Self-Reliance” (Emerson), 19

Selma, Alabama, war industry, 1863, 207

Semmes, Raphael, and
Alabama,
76, 182–183, 278–279

Seven Days campaign, 161–162

Seven Pines, battle of, 160

Seward, William H., 81

and
Trent
affair, 174

Sharpsburg (Antietam), battle of, 164, 180, 181

Shenandoah,
cruiser, 279

Shenandoah Valley campaign, 160

Sheridan, Phillip, at Shenandoah Valley, 284

Sherman, William T.

at Atlanta, 272

at Bentonville, 289

captures Savannah, 280–281

at Cassville, 270–271

at Chattanooga, 253–254

marches through Carolinas, 285, 287

marches to sea, 280

and New Hope Church, 271

at Resaca, 270

at Vicksburg, 215

on war, 276

Shiloh, battle of, 146–147

shipbuilding, 1863, 208, 210

Ship Island, Union reoccupation of, 125

Shorter, John G., 65

Sibley, H. H” 124

Simms, William Gilmore, 24

slavery

impact on national life, 236–242

and prewar economy, 15

in prewar social structure, 6, 10–12

protected in Constitution, 63–64

urban, 241–242

see also
blacks; slaves

slaves

Cleburne’s emancipation proposal, 261–264

Congress votes on freeing and arming of, 295–297

Davis’s emancipation proposal, 290–293

impressment as military laborers, 196

issue of arming, 292–293

relationship with masters, 237–241

see also
blacks; slavery

slave trade, prohibited in Constitution, 63

Slidell, John, 220, 256

mission to France, 173, 174, 176–179

Smith, Edmund Kirby, 192, 256, 266, 285

at first Manassas, 115

Smith, Francis H., 2

Smith, Gustavus W.

and Peninsula campaign, 158

and War Office, 192

Smith, William, 293

social ferment, wartime, 232–235

social structure, prewar South, 5–9

Sociology for the South
(Fitzhugh), 30

South Carolina

and assault on Fort Sumter, 67–71, 90–93

and Nullification Crisis, 30, 33–34

secession, 38, 41–43, 45

South Carolina Program, 43, 55

Southern Illustrated News, 230

Southern Literary Messenger,
142, 298

Spontaneous Southern Rights Convention, 86

Spratt, L. W., 44

Spring Hill, battle of, 281

Stanton, Edwin, closes recruiting offices, 145

Star of the West
, ship, 71

State Department, and beginning diplomacy, 80–85

state rights, and prewar cultural nationalism, 32–33

Stephens, Alexander H., 10, 53, 54, 57, 59

becomes vice-president, 60–62

dissatisfaction with Davis administration, 139

at Hampton Roads Conference, 295

and move of capital to Richmond, 99

Stones River,
see
Murfreesboro (Stones River)

strategy

of new government, 104–108

offense-defense, 157–158

Stuart, James Ewell Brown (J. E. B.), 160–161

at Chancellorsville, 217

at Yellow Tavern, 267

Summary of the Art of War
(Jomini), 106

Sumner, Charles, caning of, 17–19, 20

supply bureaus, and war industry, 1863, 206–207

Supreme Court, proposal to establish, 64, 194–195

Sut Lovingood’s Yarns
(Harris), 27

Swallow Barn
(Kennedy), 24

taxation

law extended, 1864, 264

Memminger’s 1863 plan for, 197–198

and three-fifths clause, 64

tax in kind, 198, 264

Taylor, Richard, at Sabine Crossroads and Pleasant Hill, 288

Tennessee

battles for, 125–128

vote on secession, 87, 94

see also
Army of Tennessee

Tennessee,
ironclad ram, and battle of Mobile Bay, 279

Texas, secession, 38, 55–56

Thomas, George H.

at Cassville, 270

at Chickamauga, 252

at Nashville, 281

at Spring Hill, 281

Thompson, William Tappan, 27

Thornwell, James H., 245

Tilghman, Lloyd, and battles for Tennessee, 126

Timrod, Henry, 25

Toombs, Robert, 53, 54, 59, 102, 140

named secretary of state, 80–84

transportation and food supply problems, 201

Treasury, and financial policy, 1862, 137–138

treasury notes (fiat money), 137

and Compulsory Funding Measure, 265

and inflation, 197, 257

Tredegar Iron Works, 100, 102, 206–207, 211, 212–213

employment, 1863, 209

Trennolm, George, 286

Trent,
mail packet, 173, 174

Trent
affair, 173–174

Trouvenel, Antoine Edouard, 179

Tyler, John, 85

Union

army, vs. Confederate army, 155

blacks in army of, 237

occupation of land, and food shortages, 200

seizes British ship
Peterhof
184

Unionism and social ferment, 234

urban slavery, 241–242

Vance, Zebulon, 293

Van Dorn, Earl, at Pea Ridge, 124

Vicksburg

battle of, 165

defense of, 215–216

siege of, 218–219, 242

Vidaurri, Santiago, 186

Villafranca, Treaty of, 171

Virginia, 42

vote on secession, 85–86

secession ordinance, 93

western counties secede from Confederacy, 125

see also
Army of Northern Virginia; Richmond

Virginia,
C.S.S. (ironclad), 130–132

Virginia General Assembly, 42

Virginia Military Institute (VMI), 2, 3, 296

Walker, Leroy Pope, 116

as secretary of war, 74–76, 116

Walker, W. H. T., 263

war industry

in 1862, 134–135

in 1863, 213–216

War Office, 74–75

and battle of Roanoke Island, 121, 123

departmental command structure, 108–109

hears of victory at first battle of Manassas, 116–117

military supplies purchases, 134

and war industry, 206–207

Warren, Robert Penn, 19

war tax, 137

Washington, George, 104, 221, 222, 224

Washington, D.C., Lee’s forces threaten, 219

Washington Peace Convention, 85–86

Watterson, Henry, 230

Watts, Thomas H., 50

on habeas corpus, 152

named attorney general, 149

Western and Atlantic Railroad, 251, 270–271

West Virginia, secedes from Confederacy, 125

Wheeler, Joseph, at Chattanooga, 253

Wigfall, Louis Trezaunt, 56, 102

dissatisfaction with Davis administration, 139–140

at final sessions of Congress, 286, 287

general staff plan, 195 Wilderness, battle of, 267

Wilkes, Charles, 173, 178

Wilmington, N.C., captured, 282

Wilmington
Journal,
293

Wilmot Proviso (1846), 49

Wilson’s Creek, battle of, 124

Winder, John H., and martial law in Richmond, 151–152

Winslow, John A., and battle of
Alabama and Kearsage
, 278

Wise, Henry A., 86

and battle of Roanoke Island, 121–123

Wise, O.Jennings, 122

women

in war industry, 1863, 208

wartime role, 225–229

Yancey, William Lowndes

mission to Europe, 78, 81, 83, 170, 172–173, 179

and secession, 38, 43, 49–51, 59, 61

Yellow Tavern, battle of, 267

yeoman class, and social ferment, 234

Yorktown, siege of, 146

A hardcover edition of this book is published by Harper & Row, Publishers.

THE CONFEDERATE NATION: 1861–1865
. Copyright © 1979 by Emory M. Thomas.

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