The Codebreakers: The True Story of the Secret Intelligence Team That Changed the Course of the First World War (47 page)

Makins, Captain O. M. 257

Mansfield, Sydney 94, 95

Marconi Company 10, 17, 18, 26, 161, 167, 234

Marconi Experimental Laboratory, Surrey 167

Marconi, Guglielmo 9–10, 18, 26

Mare Island Navy Yard, California 182

Marines, US 182, 183, 188

Marlowe, Thomas 120

Marne, First Battle of the, 1914 53, 273

Mason, A. E. W. 130–4, 136, 204–7, 297

Matapan, Battle of, 1941 303

Maude, General 243, 244, 245, 246

Maugham, Somerset 255

Maverick
222–3, 225

McAdam-Vanceboro railway bridge 67–8

McAdoo, William Gibbs 219

McGovern, Mary 180

McKenna, Reginald 114

McNaughton, Brigadier General Andrew 280

Mediterranean 9, 20, 93, 95, 126, 129–40, 234, 235, 237, 239, 249

Megiddo, Battle of, 1918 251

Mesopotamia (Iraq) 1, 211, 239–40, 242–4,
243
, 245–6

Mexican Army 191, 192, 196, 197

Mexican Northwestern Railway 191

Mexico 36, 45, 62, 64, 134, 176, 185, 186–99, 203–7, 267

MI-8 (US Military Intelligence cryptology section) 216–19, 218, 225, 271

MI5 (British domestic intelligence agency) 40, 121, 123, 124, 144, 214–15, 221, 293, 303

MI6 (British foreign intelligence agency) 94, 123, 124–7, 232, 255, 293

Middle East 3, 57, 59, 69, 139, 140, 153, 235, 239–41, 244, 246, 251, 300

MI1(e) (British wireless interception agency dealing exclusively with Zeppelin attacks) 105

Military Intelligence, German 172, 176

MI1(b)(British military codebreaking unit); American communications and 56–7; birth and role of 3–5; British dominance of international telegraph traffic and 3–4; commanders/command structure of 47–52, 289–90, 295; concentration on diplomatic traffic 139; Cork Street premises 138–9, 260, 289–90; destruction of Germany’s global wireless service and 4–5; end of/formation of GC&CS and 289–91; expansion of 138; Für GOD system, breaks 139; Greek codes and 137, 138; legacy of 299, 300; Middle East campaigns and 239–51; Room 40 and 57, 139–40, 208, 300; Russian codes and 254; security and privacy 138–9; staff members 53–6; trench codes and 260, 262; Versailles peace conference and 289; Zeppelin attacks and 102, 105

Military Information Division, US 214, 215, 219

Military Intelligence Section, US 215, 216

Military Permit Office, British 122

Miller, E. C. 238

Monteith, Robert 148, 149, 150

Montgomery, Reverend William 27, 60

Moorman, Major Frank 270–1

Morgan Jr, J. P. 80

Morgan, J. P. 36, 74–5

Moritz set 162–3, 164, 165, 166

Morris, Colonel Arthur Henry 257, 258

Morse Patrol and Detective Agency 182

Mudros, DF station on island of 236–7

Muenter, Erich 79–80

Murray, General 249, 250

Natal
, HMS 12

Nathan, Robert 96, 221–2, 223, 224

National Dock and Storage Company 180

National Guard, US 183

National Security Agency (NSA), US 305

National Service League, British 114

Nauen transmitter, Germany 4, 139, 204

Naval Intelligence (NID), British 11, 42, 119, 228, 247; Convoy Section 231–2; German Section (ID14) 228–9; in Rome 237

Nebel, Colonel Fritz 273

Neckar
, SS 176

Neumünster, wireless interception station in 25, 157, 158

New Jersey, US 68, 76, 77, 89, 177, 178, 183

New Jersey Agricultural Company 76

New York City, US, 1, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 44, 61–70, 71–82, 83–5, 88–92, 94, 95–7, 122, 144, 145, 146, 148, 172, 172, 177–84,
179
, 195, 215, 216, 221–3, 225, 226, 256–7, 269

New York Harbor, US 71, 74–5, 76, 77, 78, 89, 95, 173, 177,
179
, 184

New York Herald
144

New York Times
39, 40, 41–2, 93–4, 180, 196–7, 198, 256, 265–6

New York World
84–5, 95

New York Yacht Club 73, 80

Newcastle
, HMS 211

Niagara Falls 65, 66

Nicholas II, Tsar 226, 243, 253, 255, 256, 257

Nicolai, Lieutenant Colonel Walter 35

1917 Club, Soho 253

Nolan, Major Dennis E. 268,
268
, 269, 270

Noordam
, SS 81

Norddeutsche Allemeine Zeitung
146

Norddeutscher Lloyd 176

North Africa 3, 20, 23, 59, 131, 139, 299

Northciffe, Lord 119, 165, 166

Novyi Mir
257

‘NSL’ (Not Logged or Sent) 25–6, 287

NYPD (New York Police Department) 70, 88–91,
88
, 95, 183, 216, 223, 225

Official Secrets Act, British, 1920 295, 300–1

Old Admiralty Building, Whitehall 17

Oliver, Admiral Henry 11, 14, 15, 31, 160

Operations Division, British 30, 31, 158, 160, 161, 284

Oppenheim, Max von 247

Oran
210

Orton
, SS 69

Ottoman Empire 1, 59, 93, 114–16, 140, 209, 235, 239–51

Page, Walter 12–13, 195–6, 197–8, 209

Painvin, Captain Georges 272–5,
272

Palestine 87, 239, 240–1, 249–50

Papen, Captain Franz von 62,
62
, 63, 64–5, 66, 67, 68, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 79, 85, 86–7, 89–90, 92, 97, 145, 173, 181, 183, 221, 223, 224

‘Paris Gun’ 274–5

Pasqua, Sergeant Peter 269–70

Passchendaele, Battle of, (Third Battle of Ypres) 1917
259
, 262, 263, 280

Peak, B. T. 41–2

Peaslee, Amos 297, 298

Pershing, John J. 190–2,
191
, 199, 265, 266–8, 269, 270, 271

Persia 59, 60, 69, 242, 244

Phillips, William 218

Pinkerton Detective Agency 87–8

Playfair Cipher 260, 276

Playfair, Lord 260

Polk, Frank 95, 196

Polybius square 273

Port Control Section, British 122

Portugal 129, 135, 139

Pound, Ezra 63–4

Priestley, Major R. E. 163

Prussia 20, 53, 76, 186, 187, 224

‘Punitive Expedition’, 1916 190–2, 199

Queen Mary
12, 13, 155, 159

Quinn, John 145

Radio Security Service (RSS) 303

‘radio tractors’ 192

Ransome, Arthur 255

Rashad V, Sultan-Caliph Mehmed 59

Rathom, John Revelstoke 40

Rawlinson, General Sir Henry 280

Reading, Lord 118, 119

Regnier, Martha 211

Reid, Malcolm 223

Reiss, Mena 183

Rice, Sir Cecil Spring 80

Rintelen, Captain Franz von 71–4,
72
, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80–2, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 181, 195, 297

River codes 276

Roddam, Lieutenant Colonel 230

Roddam, Olive 230–1

Room 40 (British naval codebreaking unit), Admiralty: Argentinian trade with Germany and 207–12; birth of 15–19; capture of German code books and 18–20, 59, 60, 69, 102–3, 106–8, 128, 139, 192, 198, 237–8, 254, 290; commanders/command structure 10–15, 113–28
see also
Hall, Reginald ‘Blinker’; contribution to war effort 3, 299–300; Dardanelles campaign and 114–19; DF stations and
see
DF stations; Dogger Bank battle, 1915 and 29–30; end of war and 287–9; French intelligence, cooperation with 237; German collapse and 283–7; German naval attacks on Britain, 1914 and 21–2; home of 17; hunting of spies within Britain 121–3; Ireland and 141–53, 211–12; Italian intelligence, cooperation with 237; Battle of Jutland and 156–61; legacy of 299–300;
Lusitania
sinking and 38–40, 42–3; manipulation of press 119–21; Marconi and 10, 17; Mediterranean theatre and 129–40; Mexican wireless station sabotage and 204–7; MI6 and 123–7; MI1(b), relationship with 57, 139–40, 208, 300; ‘NSL’: Not Logged or Sent 25–6; Operations Division and 30, 31, 157–8, 160, 284; power/influence of 113–28; procedural and institutional basis for 15–16, 31, 156; processing of intelligence, problems with 31, 42–3, 71, 156, 160–1; radio messages, concentration mainly on 3, 17–18; recruitment 2, 16, 26–9, 57, 60, 69–70, 130–1, 138, 155–6, 229–31, 286
see also under individual recruit name
; regarded with suspicion by navy personnel 30, 156; role of 3; Russian Revolution and 254, 255; secrecy over existence of 15–16, 18, 128; shift system 17; Swedish Roundabout and 194, 207–10; U-boat menace and 227–38; United States, cooperation with 197–8, 207–12, 270, 271, 272; United States intelligence services evolution and 87–8, 213, 216, 270, 271, 272; United States, German agents/sabotage attacks in and 60, 69–70, 71, 74–5, 77–9, 81–2, 86, 87, 92–7, 171, 177, 183–4, 203–12, 297; volume of transcripts dealt with 25–6; WT masts and 17–18, 204–6, 228, 234, 235–7; Zeppelin attacks and 102–9; Zimmerman telegram and 185–6, 193–9

Room 53 (office of Dilly Knox) 107

Roosevelt, Theodore 44, 190, 267, 298

Rosenblum, Shlomo 96

Round, Captain Henry Joseph 26, 102

Royal Australian Navy (RAN) 19

Royal Automobile Club (RAC) 51

Royal Engineers (RE) 162, 163, 234, 236, 260

Royal Flying Corps (RFC) 101, 105–6, 167, 168, 169

Royal Irish Constabulary (RUC) 150

Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) 101, 104–5, 108

Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR) 27, 69, 101, 156, 247

Royal Navy (RN) 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 17, 19, 21–2, 23, 25, 29–30, 41, 43, 94, 104, 115–19, 123, 143, 147, 150, 157–61, 218, 229, 235, 236, 242, 247, 284
see also
Admiralty, British; Room 40
and under individual battle or vessel name

rudder bomb 172–3

Russia 3, 19, 20, 34, 59, 125, 138, 166, 181, 227, 243, 253–8, 265, 269, 273, 285, 293; intelligence/codebreakers 3, 243, 254, 255
see also
Soviet Union

Ryan, Thomas Fortune 215

Salonika, Greece 137, 138, 242, 246

‘San Diego Plan’ 188

San Jose
134

Sanders, General Limon von 250

Sandy, John Edwin 298

Satzbüch
260

Saud, Ibn 248

Sayonara
147

Scarborough, German naval attack on, 1914 21, 25, 29

Scheele, Dr Walter Theodore von 75–6, 77, 173–4

Scheer, Admiral Reinhard 156–8,
157
, 159–60, 161, 283, 284, 285

Schulenberg, Franz 223

Schwieger, Walter 43

Scotland Yard 81, 122, 150

Scott, Barton 183

Scott, Major General Hugh 214, 215

Second World War, 1939–45 3, 295–6, 297, 300, 302–3

Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), British 94–7, 123, 147

Secret Service, US 83–4, 87, 182, 219

Secret Service Bureau, The, British (later, SIS/MI6) 123

Secret Service Committee, The, British 290, 293

Shortt, Edward 212

Signal Service, British 162, 163, 260

Signalbuch der Kaiserlichen Marine
(the Signal Book of the Imperial Navy) (SKM) 18–19, 20, 237

Sims, Admiral William 233

Sinclair, Captain Hugh 289

Singh, Ram 225, 226

Sinn Fein 212

Sleepy Hollow Country Club, Long Island 215

Smith-Cumming (‘C’), Commander Mansfield 94, 95, 96, 123, 125–6, 127, 232, 293

Smith, Sir F.E. 151

Smuts, Jan 109

Somme, Battle of the, 1916 1, 87, 120, 155, 164, 165, 168, 177, 263, 274

Sommerfield, Felix A. 190

Soviet Union 255, 301

Spain 1, 4, 125, 128, 129–36, 139, 140, 177, 204, 206, 209, 211, 299, 302

Spanish-American War, 1898 190–1, 267, 268

Special Branch 81, 121, 122–3, 150, 151, 293

Special Irish Branch 121

SS
Friedrich der Grosse
77

St George
132

Stanton, Colonel Charles 265

State Department, US 196, 197–8, 216, 217, 218

Steinmetz, Erich von 173, 174

Strachey, Lytton 54, 55, 230–1

Strachey, Oliver 53–6,
54
, 140, 241–2, 253, 300–1, 302, 303, 304–5

Strasser, Paul 109

Suez Canal 93, 239, 241

Sumner, Charles B. 40–1, 42

Swedish roundabout (German messages sent through Swedish cables to Washington) 194, 207–10

Sykes-Picot agreement, 1916 240–1

Syria 240, 246, 251

Tampico oil fields, Mexico 204

Tauscher, Captain Hans 65, 221

telegraph/telegrams 2, 3–4, 5, 17–18, 38, 39, 40, 44, 56, 66–7, 68, 69, 80, 82, 105, 113, 115, 137, 138, 185–99, 203, 208–9, 217, 218, 232, 237, 249, 256–7, 260, 267, 275–6, 277, 299, 300–1
see also
wireless telegraph (WT) stations/masts

Telegraph code, The 275–6

telephone communication 40, 56, 105, 139, 162,
162
, 163, 164, 165, 166–7, 192, 220, 243,
243
, 258–9, 263, 270, 276, 277–8, 281, 284

The Spirit of ’76
(film) 221

Thompson, Reginald Campbell 244–6

Thomson, Sir Basil 81, 121–2, 123, 128, 150, 151, 152, 293–4

Thoroton, Colonel Charles 134, 136

Thring, E. W. C. 229

Thwaites, Norman 95, 96, 222

Thwaites, Sir William 289–90

‘Tony’s Lab’, Chevy Chase, Maryland 175, 176

Tosson, Arthur 179

Touche and Niven 94

Townshend, General 240, 243, 245

Toye, Francis 284

Trenchard, General Hugh 168

Trotsky, Leon 256–8

Tunney, Captain Thomas 1, 88–9,
88
, 90–2, 95, 216, 223, 224, 225

Tuohy, Ferdinand 165–7, 168, 169, 251, 260, 263

Turing, Alan 302

Turner, Captain William 42

U-boats 3, 20, 24, 26, 30, 31, 33, 36, 41, 42, 43, 85, 93, 132, 133, 134–5, 136, 149, 150, 157, 161, 187, 192–4,
193
, 198, 203, 211, 226, 227–38,
228
, 239, 242, 257, 265, 283, 285–6, 299; E-35 135; E-48 135; U-19 149, 150; U-20 42, 43, 149; U-28 41; U-35 132, 136; U-139 286; U-156 134–5; U-157 134–5; UC–44 238

Ulster Unionists 141, 143

United States of America 1, 3; AEF 265–72, 275–8; British intelligence cooperation with intelligence services of 197–8, 207–12, 270, 271, 272; British intelligence involvement in during First World War 60, 69–70, 71, 74–5, 77–9, 81–2, 86, 87, 92–7, 171, 177, 183–4, 203–12, 297; British intelligence reads cables of 56–7, 193–4, 198; codebreakers/codes 213–26, 265–72, 275–8; entry into war 33–46, 71, 85, 86–7, 92–7, 141, 184, 185–99, 227, 256, 265–71, 275–8; German spies/sabotage attacks within 1, 59–97, 171–84, 203–12; intelligence services, birth of 87–92, 213–26, 265–72, 275–8; Irish republicanism and 96–7, 143–5; trade with/support for Britain whilst officially neutral 31, 33–6, 71, 74–5, 80, 94, 171, 177, 227; U-boat attacks on shipping 33–46, 71, 85–6, 93, 141; Zimmerman telegram and 185–99