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375
REFERENCES
14. These data are for villages SA, LC and RA for women and SA, QC and NB for men, as seen in
the monograph (Chen, et al. 1990)
15. Sirtori CR, Noseda G, and Descovich Gc. "Studies on the use of a soybean protein diet for
the management of human hyperlipoproteinemias." In: M. J. Gibney and D. Kritchevsky
(eds.), Current Topics in Nutrition and Disease, Volume 8: Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid
Metabolism and Atherosclerosis., pp. 135-148. New York, NY: Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1983.
16. Carroll KK. "Dietary proteins and amino acids---their effects on cholesterol metabolism." In:
M. J. Gibney and D. Kritchevsky (eds.), Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and
Atherosclerosis, pp. 9-17. New York, NY: Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1983.
17. Terpstra AHM , Hermus R.n, and West CEo "Dietary protein and cholesterol metabolism in
rabbits and rats." In: M. J. Gibney and D. Kritchevsky (eds.) , Animal and Vegetable Proteins in
Lipid Metabolism and Athersclerosis, pp. 19-49. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1983.
18. Kritchevsky D, Tepper SA, Czarnecki SK, et al. "Atherogenicity of animal and vegetable pro-
tein . Influence of the lysine to arginine ratio." Atherosclerosis 41 (1982): 429-431.
19. Dietary fat can be expressed as percent of total weight of the diet or as percent of total calo-
ries. Most commentators and researchers express fat as percent of total calories because we
primarily consume food to satisfy our need for calories, not our need for weight. I will do the
same throughout this book.
20. National Research Council. Diet, Nutrition and Cancer. Washington, DC: National Academy
Press, 1982.
21. United States Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgeon General~ Report on
Nutrition and Health. Washington, DC: Superintendant of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1988.
22. National Research Council, and Committee on Diet and Health. Diet and health: implications
for redUcing chronic disease risk. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989.
23. Expert Panel. Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer, a global perspective. Washington,
DC: American Institute for Cancer Research/World Cancer Research Fund, 1997.
24. Exceptions include those foods artificially stripped of their fat , such as non-fat milk.
25. Armstrong D, and Doll R. "Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in
different countries, with special reference to dietary practices," Int. ]. Cancer 15 (1975):
617-631.
26. U.S. Senate. "Dietary goals for the United States, 2nd Edition." Washington, DC: U.s. Gov-
e r n m e n t Printing Office, 1977.
27. Committee on Diet Nutrition and Cancer. Diet, nutrition and cancer: directions for research.
Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1983.
28. There also were a number of other policy statements and large human studies that were
begun at about this time that were to receive much public discussion and that were founded
and/or interpreted in relation to dietary fat and these diseases. These included the initiation
of the U.S. Dietary Guidelines report series begun in 1980, the Harvard Nurses' Health Study
in 1984, the initial reports of the Framingham Heart Study in the 1960s, the Seven Countries
Study of Ancel Keys, the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) and others.
29. Carroll KK, Braden LM, BellJA, et al. "Fat and cancer." Cancer 58 (1986): 1818--1825.
30. Drasar BS, and Irving D. "Environmental factors and cancer of the colon and breast." Br.].
Cancer 27 (1973): 167-172.
31. Haenszel W, and Kurihara M. "Studies ofjapanese Migrants: mortality from cancer and other
disease among Japanese and the United States."] Natl Cancer Inst 40 (1968): 43-68.
32. Higginson 1, and Muir CS. "Epidemiology in Cancer." In: J. F Holland and E. Frei (eds.),
Cancer Medicine, pp. 241-306. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger, 1973.
33. The correlation of fat intake with animal protein intake is 84% for grams of fat consumed and
70% for fat as a percent of calories.
376                                      THE CHINA STUDY
34. Kelsey jL, Gammon MD, and Esther MJ. "Reproductive factors and breast cancer." Epidemiol.
Revs. 15 (1993): 36-47.
35. de Stavola BL, Wang DY, Allen DS, et al. "The association of height, weight, menstrual and
reproductive events with breast cancer: results from two prospective studies on the island of
Guernsey (United Kingdom) ." Cancer Causes and Control 4 (1993) : 331-340.
36. Rautalahti M, Albanes D, Virtamo j, et al. "Lifetime menstrual activity-indicator of breast
cancer risk." (1993) : 17-25
37. It was not possible to statistically detect an association of blood hormone levels with breast
cancer risk within this group of women because their blood samples were taken at random
times of their menstrual cycles and breast cancer rates were so low, thus minimizing the abil-
ity to detect such an association, even when real.
38. Key TjA, Chenj, Wang DY, et al. "Sex hormones in women in rural China and in Britain."
Brit.}. Cancer 62 (1990) : 631-636.
39. These biomarkers include plasma copper, urea nitrogen, estradiol, prolactin, testosterone
and, inversely, sex hormone binding globulin, each of which has been known to be associated
with animal protein intake from previous studies.
40. For the total dietary fiber (TDF), the averages for China and the u.s. were 33.3 and 11.1
grams per day, respectively. The range of the county averages are 7.7-77.6 grams per day in
China, compared with a range of 2.4-26.6 grams per day for the middle 90% of American
males.
41. The correlation for plant protein was +0.53*** and for animal protein was +0.12.
42. In principle, using "cancer prevalence within families" as the outcome measurement more ef-
fectively controls for the various causes of cancer that associate with different kinds of cancer,
thus permitting study of an isolated effect of the dietary factor.
43. Guo W, Li j, Blot Wj, et al. "Correlations of dietary intake and blood nutrient levels with
esophageal cancer mortality in China." Nutr. Cancer 13 (1990) : 121-127.
44. The full effects of these fat-soluble antioxidants can be demonstrated only when antioxidant
concentrations are adjusted for the levels of LDL for individual subjects. This was not known
at the time of the survey, thus provisions were not made for this adjustment.
45. Kneller RW, Guo W, Hsing AW, et al. "Risk factors for stomach cancer in Sixty-five Chinese
counties." Cancer Epi. Biomarkers PreY. 1 (1992): 113-118.
46. Information Plus. Nutrition: a key to good health. Wylie, TX: Information Plus, 1999.
47. Westman EC, Yancy WS, Edman jS, et al. "Carbohydrate Diet Program." Am. }. Med. 113
(2002) : 30-36.
48. Atkins RC Dr. Atkins' New Diet Revolution. New York, NY: Avon Books, 1999.
49. Wright jD, Kennedy-Stephenson j, Wang CY, et al. "Trends in Intake of Energy and Macro-
n u t r i e n t s - U n i t e d States, 1971-2000." Morbidity and mortality weekly report 53 (February 6,
2004): 80-82.
50. Noakes M, and Clifton PM. "Weight loss and plasma lipids." Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 11 (2000):
65-70.
51. Bilsborough SA, and Crowe TC "Low-carbohydrate diets: what are the potential short- a n d
long-term health implications?" Asia Pac.}. Clin. Nutr. 12 (2003): 396-404.
52. Stevens A, Robinson DP, Turpin], et al. "Sudden cardiac death of an adolescent during diet-
ing ." South. Med.}. 95 (2002): 1047-1049.
53. Patty A. "Low-carb fad claims teen's life - Star diet blamed in death. " The Daily Telegraph
(Sidney, Australia) November 2, 2002: 10.
54. Atkins, 1999. Page 275.
55. Atkins claims that an antioxidant cocktail can protect against heart disease, cancer and aging,
a claim refuted by several large trials recently completed (see chapter 11).
56. Atkins, 1999. Page 103.
377
REFERENCES
57. Bone]. "Diet doctor Atkins 'obese', had heart problems: coroner: Widow angrily denies that
opponents' claims that heart condition caused by controverial diet." Ottawa Citizen February
11,2004: All.
58. Campbell TC. "Energy balance: interpretation of data from rural China. " Toxicological Sci-
ences 52 (1999): 87-94.
59. Horio F, Youngman LD, Bell RC , et al. "Thermogenesis, low-protein diets, and decreased de-
v e l o p m e n t of AFBI-induced preneoplastic foci in rat liver." Nutr. Cancer 16 (1991) : 31-41.
60. Krieger E, Youngman LD, and Campbell TC. "The modulation of afiatoxin(AFB1) induced
preneoplastic lesions by dietary protein and voluntary exercise in Fischer 344 rats ." FASEB].
2 (1988) : 3304 Abs.
61. The cited associations of total animal and plant protein intakes are taken from manuscript
under review.
62. Campbell TC, Chenj , Liu C, et al. "Non-association of aflatoxin with primary liver cancer in
a cross-sectional ecologic survey in the People's Republic of China." Cancer Res. 50 (1990):
6882-6893.
PART II
Chapter 5
1. Adams CF. "How many times does your heart beat per year?" Accessed October 20, 2003 .
Accessed at http://www.straightdope.com!classicslal_088a.html
2. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. "Morbidity and Mortality: 2002 Chart Book on Car-
diovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases." Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 2002.
3. American Heart Association. "Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2003 Update." Dallas, TX:
American Heart Association, 2002.
4. Braunwald E. "Shattuck lecture-cardiovascular medicine at the turn of the millenium: tri-
u m p h s , concerns and opportunities." New Engl.]. Med. 337 (1997): 1360-1369.
5. American Cancer SOciety. "Cancer Facts and Figures-1998." Atlanta, GA: American Cancer
Society, 1998.
6. Anderson RN. "Deaths: leading causes for 2000." National Vital Statistics Reports 50(16)
(2002):
7. Enos WE , Holmes RH , and Beyer]. "Coronary disease among United States soldiers killed in
action in Korea." JAMA 152 (1953) : 1090-1093.
8. Esselstyn C]. "Resolving the coronary artery disease epidemic through plant-based nutri-
tion. " Prevo Cardio!. 4 (2001) : 171-177.
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disease, a textbook of cardiovascular disease , Vol. II (Fifth Edition), pp. 1184-1288. Philadel-
phia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1997.
10. Esselstyn C]. "Lecture: Reversing heart disease. " December 5, 2002 . Ithaca, NY: Cornell Uni-
versity, 2002.
11. Ambrose jA, and Fuster V. "Can we predict future acute coronary events in patients with
stable coronary artery disease?" JAMA 277 (1997): 343-344.
12. Forrester jS, and Shah PK. "Lipid lowering versus revascularization: an idea whose time (for
testing) has come." Circulation 96 (1997): 1360-1362.
13. Now named the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute ofthe National Institutes of Health
in Bethesda, Maryland.
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Science III (1950): 166.
15. Kannel WB, Dawber TR, Kagan A, et al. "Factors of risk in the development of coronary heart
disease-six-year follow-up experience. " Ann. Internal Medi . 55 (1961 ): 33-50.
378                                    THE CHINA STUDY
16. Jolliffe N, and Archer M. "Statistical associations between international coronary heart dis-
ease death rates and certain environmental factors."]' Chronic Dis. 9 (1959): 636-652.
17. Scrimgeour EM, McCall MG, Smith DE, et al. "Levels of serum cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL
cholesterol, apolipoproteins A-I and B, and plasma glucose, and prevalence of diastolic hy-
p e r t e n s i o n and cigarette smoking in Papua New Guinea Highlanders." Pathology 21 (1989) :
46-50.
18. Campbell TC, Parpia B, and Chen]. "Diet, lifestyle, and the etiology of coronary artery dis-
ease : The Cornell China Study." Am.]. Cardiol. 82 (1998) : 18T-21T.
19. Kagan A, Harris BR, Winkelstein W, et al. "Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease
and stroke in Japanese men living inJapan, Hawaii and California."]' Chronic Dis. 27 (1974):
345-364.
20. Kato H, Tillotson J, Nichaman MZ, et al. "Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease
and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: serum lipids and diet."
Am.]. Epidemiol. 97 (1973): 372-385.
21. Morrison LM. "Arteriosclerosis." JAMA 145 (1951): 1232-1236.
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24. Gibney MJ , and Kritchevsky D, eds. Current Topics in Nutrition and Disease, Volume 8: Animal
and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis. New York, NY: Alan R. Liss,
Inc., 1983.
25. Sirtori CR, Noseda G, and Descovich Gc. "Studies on the use of a soybean protein diet for
the management of human hyperlipoproteinemias." In: M. ]. Gibney and D. Kritchevsky
(eds.) , Current Topics in Nutrition and Disease, Volume 8: Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid
Metabolism and Atherosclerosis., pp. 135-148. New York, NY: Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1983.
26. G.5. Myers, personal communication, cited by Groom, D. "Population studies of atheroscle-
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27. Centers for Disease Control. "Smoking and Health: a national status report." Morbidity and
Mortality Weekly Report 35 (1986) : 709-711.
28. Centers for Disease Control. "Cigarette smoking among adults-United States, 2000." Mor-
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29. Age-adjusted, ages 25-74.
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Edition) , pp. 1289-1365. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders, 1997.
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33. Shaw PJ, Bates D, Cartlidge NEF, et al. "Early intellectual dysfunction follOwing coronary
bypass surgery." Quarterly]. Med. 58 (1986): 59-68.
34. Cameron AAC, Davis KB, and Rogers W]. "Recurrence of angina after coronary artery bypass
surgery Predictors and prognosiS (CASS registry)."]. Am. Coil. Cardiol. 26 (1995) : 895-899.
35. Page 1320 in Gersh BJ, Braunwald E, and RutherfordJD. "Chronic coronary artery disease."
In: E. Braunwald (ed.), Heart Disease: A Textbook of cardiovascular Medicine, Vol. 2(Fifth
Edition) , pp. 1289-1365. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders, 1997.
36. Kirklin Jw, Naftel DC, Blackstone EH, et al. "Summary of a consensus concerning death
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37. Page 1368-9 in Lincoff AM, and Topol E]. "Interventional catherization techniques." In: E.
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