The California Gold Rush and the Coming of the Civil War (38 page)

45. Marcus Lee Hansen,
The Atlantic Migration, 1607–1860
(Cambridge, Mass., 1940), chaps. 7–13; Robert Greenhalgh Albion,
The Rise of New York Port
(Devon, U.K., 1970), apps. 27, 28; Robert Ernst,
Immigrant Life in New York City, 1825–1863
(New York, 1965); Leo Hershkovitz, “The Native American Democratic Association in New York City, 1835–36,”
New-York Historical Society Quarterly
46 ( Jan. 1962), 41–60; Amy Bridges,
A City in the Republic: Antebellum New York and the Origins of Machine Politics
(New York, 1984), 83–84, 99–100, 148.

46. Williams,
Broderick,
22–25.

47. Broderick to Robert J. Walker, Nov. 1846, Miscellaneous MSS, New-York Historical Society; Broderick to Mary and Bridget Colbert, April 19, 1847, in
People of California v. McGlynn,
California State Archives, file 3494, 167, Sacramento;
Congressional Globe,
35th Cong., 1st sess., 1857–58, app., 193.

48. O’Meara,
Broderick and Gwin,
9, 22–23.

49. Affidavit of George Wilkes, n.d., Bancroft Library; Adams, “Private Gold Coinage in California,” 174–78; Saxton,
Rise and Fall of the White Republic,
206–9; Williams,
Broderick,
21–25; Quinn,
Rivals,
42–45; Lynch,
A Senator of the Fifties,
11–13.

50. Saxton,
Rise and Fall of the White Republic,
209; Williams,
Broderick,
25–30; O’Meara,
Broderick and Gwin,
17–19.

51. Adams, “Private Gold Coinage in California,” 174–78, 189; David A. Williams, “The Forgery of the Broderick Will,”
California Historical Society Quarterly
40 (1961), 203–14.

52. Lynch,
A Senator of the Fifties,
68–71.

53.
California Senate Journal,
1st sess., 1850, 108–9; R. A. Burchell,
The San Francisco Irish, 1848–1880
(Berkeley, Calif., 1980), 121–22; Roger W. Lotchin,
San Francisco, 1846–56: From Hamlet to City
(New York, 1974), 219; Andrew J. Newman, “The Formation of the First Political Parties in California, 1849–51” (master’s thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1918), 30–33.

CHAPTER 2

1. Craig Simpson,
A Good Southerner: The Life of Henry A. Wise of Virginia
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1985), 5.

2. Waldo W. Braden, ed.,
Oratory in the Old South, 1828–1860
(Baton Rouge, La., 1970), 119.

3. Simpson,
Wise,
20–21, 91.

4. Ibid.; J. D. B. DeBow,
Statistical View of the United States…: Being a Compendium of the Seventh Census
(Washington, D.C., 1854), 320; Celestine G. Koger,
The 1850 Slave Inhabitants Schedule of Accomac County, Virginia
(n.p., 1995).

5. Simpson,
Wise,
87, 104, 124–25; Henry A. Wise,
Speech on the Basis Question, Delivered in the Virginia Reform Convention
(Richmond, 1851), 31, 36; Wise to Nehemiah Adams, Aug. 22, 1854, in
Washington Union,
Sept. 13, 1854;
Richmond Enquirer,
June 17, 1856; Henry A. Wise,
Territorial Government and the Admission of New States into the Union
(Richmond, 1859), 130–35; Henry A. Wise,
Seven Decades of Union
(Philadelphia, 1871), 240, 242.

6. Edwin Arthur Miles,
Jacksonian Democracy in Mississippi
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1960), 49–54, 170, 112; Edwin Arthur Miles, “Andrew Jackson and Senator George Poindexter,”
Journal of Southern History
24 (Feb. 1958), 63–64; J. F. H. Claiborne,
Mississippi as Province, Territory, and State
( Jackson, Miss., 1880), 427–46.

7. 1840 Warren County Tax Roll, Mississippi Archives, Jackson; Roy S. Bloss, “Biography of William McKendree Gwin and Supporting Documents, 1856–1873,” MS, Bancroft Library, Berkeley; Lately Thomas,
Between Two Empires: The Life Story of California’s First Senator, William McKendree Gwin
(Boston, 1969), passim; Arthur Quinn,
The Rivals: William Gwin, David Broderick, and the Birth of California
(New York, 1994), 12–16; Mary Agnes Oyster, “Gwin in the Constitutional Convention of California of 1849” (master’s thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1928), 8–10;
Re-union of the Passengers on the Fourth of June, 1874, Being the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Arrival of the Steamship
Panama
at San Francisco
(San Francisco, 1874).

8. Oyster, “Gwin in the Constitutional Convention,” 14–16.

9. Robert W. Johannsen,
Stephen A. Douglas
(New York, 1973), 211.

10. William H. Ellison, ed., “Memoirs of the Hon. William M. Gwin,”
California Historical Society Quarterly
19 (1940), 1–2.

11.
Re-union of the Passengers,
passim.

12. The details of Benton’s life are ably covered in William N. Chambers,
Old Bullion Benton: Senator from the New West
(Boston, 1956); Elbert B. Smith,
Magnificent Missourian: The Life of Thomas Hart Benton
(Philadelphia, 1958); Thomas Hart Benton,
Thirty Years’ View,
2 vols. (New York, 1856).

13. Benjamin C. Merkel, “The Slavery Issue and the Political Decline of Thomas Hart Benton, 1846–1856,”
Missouri Historical Review
38 ( July 1944), 390–94.

14. The literature on Frémont is extensive. For various accounts of his life and character, see Allan Nevins,
Frémont: Pathmarker of the West,
2 vols. (New York, 1955); Andrew Rolle, “Exploring an Explorer: Psychohistory and John Charles Frémont,”
Pacific Historical Review
51 (May 1982), 135–63; Andrew Rolle,
John Charles Frémont: Character as Destiny
(Norman, Okla., 1991); Tom Chaffin,
Pathfinder: John Charles Frémont and the Course of American Empire
(New York, 2002). For his own account, see John C. Frémont,
Memoirs of My Life
(New York, 1887).

15. The literature on Jessie Benton Frémont is also extensive. For various perspectives, see Pamela Herr,
Jessie Benton Frémont: A Biography
(New York, 1987); Catherine Coffin Phillips,
Jessie Benton Frémont: A Woman Who Made History
(San Francisco, 1935); Rolle, “Exploring an Explorer,” 153–54. For her own perspective, see Jessie Benton Frémont,
Souvenirs of My Time
(Boston, 1887); Pamela Herr and Mary Lee Spence, eds.,
The Letters of Jessie Benton Frémont
(Urbana, Ill., 1993).

16. Much of the information in this paragraph has been disputed. See Richard Stenberg, “Polk and Frémont, 1845–1846,”
Pacific Historical Review
7 (1938), 211–27; George Tays, “Frémont Had No Secret Instructions,”
Pacific Historical Review
9 (1940), 151–71; John A. Hussey, “The Origins of the Gillespie Mission,”
California Historical Society Quarterly
19 (1940), 43–58; William H. Goetzmann,
Army Explorations in the American West
(New Haven, Conn., 1959), 116–18; Donald Jackson and Mary Lee Spence, eds.,
The Expeditions of John Charles Frémont,
3 vols. and supps. (Urbana, Ill., 1970–84), 2:469.

17. Samuel J. Bayard,
A Sketch of the Life of Com. Robert F. Stockton
(New York, 1856), microform; Dwight L. Clarke,
Stephen Watts Kearny, Soldier of the West
(Norman, Okla., 1961);
Proceedings of the Court Martial of Colonel Frémont,
30th Cong., 1st sess., 1847–48, Senate Executive Document 33.

18. Rolle,
Frémont,
112; Kenneth M. Johnson,
The Frémont Court Martial
(Los Angeles, 1968).

19. Chaffin,
Pathfinder,
391–404; John C. Frémont to Jessie Benton Frémont, Jan. 27, 1849, in Jackson and Spence,
Expeditions of Frémont,
3:76, 80.

20. Joaquin Miller,
Overland in a Covered Wagon,
ed. Sidney G. Firman (New York, 1930), 42–43.

21. The full Lewis and Clark journal, available to us today, had yet to be printed.

22. Jackson and Spence,
Expeditions of Frémont,
1:xx.

23. Sarah Royce,
A Frontier Lady: Recollections of the Gold Rush and Early California,
ed. Ralph Henry Gabriel (New Haven, Conn., 1932), 3.

24. Mary McDougall Gordon, “Overland to California in 1849: A Neglected Commercial Enterprise,”
Pacific Historical Review
52 (Feb. 1983), 18–19.

25. For details on the 1849 epidemic, see Charles E. Rosenberg,
The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866
(Chicago, 1962), pt. 2; Georgia Willis Read, “Diseases, Drugs, and Doctors on the Oregon-California Trail in the Gold Rush Years,”
Missouri Historical Review
38 (April 1944), 260–74.

26. Royce,
Frontier Lady,
34–35.

27. Ibid., 54–55.

28. Niles Searls,
The Diary of a Pioneer and Other Papers
(San Francisco, 1940); David McCollum, “Letters,” in Russell E. Bidlack, ed.,
Letters Home: The Story of Ann Arbor’s Forty-Niners
(Ann Arbor, Mich., 1960); Gordon, “Overland to California in 1849,” 17–36.

29. Doris Marion Wright, “The Making of Cosmopolitan California: An Analysis of Immigration, 1848–70,”
California Historical Society Quarterly
19 (Dec. 1940), 324–26; Ralph J. Roske, “The World Impact of the California Gold Rush, 1849–1857,”
Arizona and the West
5 (Autumn 1963), 198–99; Ralph Bieber, ed.,
Southern Trails to California in 1849
(Glendale, Calif., 1937).

30. For details, see William B. Griffen,
Utmost Good Faith: Patterns of Apache-Mexican Hostilities in Northern Chihuahua Border Warfare, 1821–1848
(Albuquerque, N. Mex., 1988); William B. Griffen,
Apaches at War and Peace: The Janos Presidio, 1750–1858
(Albuquerque, N. Mex., 1988).

31. Benjamin Butler Harris,
The Texas Argonauts and the California Gold Rush,
ed. Richard H. Dillon (Norman, Okla., 1960), 109; Bieber,
Southern Trails,
36, 271–75.

32. Harris,
Texas Argonauts,
110–11; Ralph A. Smith, “John Joel Glanton, Lord of the Scalp Range,”
Smoke Signal
(Fall 1962).

33. John Albert Wilson,
History of Los Angeles County
(Oakland, 1880), 90; Henry W. Splitter, “Los Angeles in the 1850’s,”
Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly
31 (1949), 118; “Documents: California Freedom Papers,”
Journal of Negro History
3 ( Jan. 1918), 45–51; Carvel Collins, ed.,
Sam Ward in the Gold Rush
(Stanford, Calif., 1949), 28; Rudolph M. Lapp,
Blacks in Gold Rush California
(New Haven, Conn., 1977), 75–76; Susan Lee Johnson,
Roaring Camp: The Social World of the California Gold Rush
(New York, 2000), 68–69, 115, 190.

34. Thomas J. Green,
Journal of the Texian Expedition Against Mier
(New York, 1845; repr., Austin, Tex., 1935); J. Joseph Milton Nance,
Attack and Counterattack: The Texas-Mexican Frontier, 1842
(Austin, Tex., 1964); Texas House of Representatives,
Biographical Directory of the Texan Conventions and Congresses, 1832–1845
(Austin, Tex., 1941); Walter Prescott Webb et al.,
The Handbook of Texas,
2 vols. (Austin, Tex., 1952), 1:728.

35. Sam Houston’s speech, in
Congressional Globe,
33rd Cong., 1st sess., 1853–54, app., 1214–18.

36. “Sherman Was There: The Recollections of Major Edwin A. Sherman,”
California Historical Society Quarterly
23 (Dec. 1944), 350–52. See also Lapp,
Blacks in the Gold Rush,
76; John C. Parish, “A Project for a California Slave Colony in 1851,”
Huntington Library Bulletin
8 (Oct. 1935), 171–75; Nathaniel Wright Stevenson, “California and the Compromise of 1850,”
Pacific Historical Review
4 ( June 1935), 114.

37. For details on Terry’s early life, see Alexander E. Wagstaff,
Life of David S. Terry
(San Francisco, 1892), 33–55; A. Russell Buchanan,
David S. Terry of California: Dueling Judge
(San Marino, Calif., 1956), 3–7; Charles S. Potts, “David S. Terry: The Romantic Story of a Great Texan,”
Southwest Review
19 (Spring 1934), 295–98. For details on his mother’s family, which seems to have been both more powerful and more influential than his father’s, see May Wilson McBee,
The Life and Times of David Smith
(Kansas City, Mo., 1959).

38. Wagstaff,
Terry,
147.

39. Randolph B. Campbell,
An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821–1865
(Baton Rouge, La., 1989), 39, 275.

40.
Austin Texas Democrat,
April 19, 1849, quoted in H. Bailey Carroll, “Texas Collection,”
Southwestern Historical Quarterly
48 ( July 1944), 92.

41. Harris,
Texas Argonauts,
111–12.

CHAPTER 3

1. Van Buren to George Bancroft, Feb. 15, 1845, “Van Buren–Bancroft Correspondence, 1830–1845,”
Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society
42 ( June 1909), 439–40; Gideon Welles to Van Buren, July 28, 1846, Martin Van Buren Papers, Library of Congress.

2. The literature on the Wilmot Proviso is extensive. See, for example, Charles Buxton Going,
David Wilmot, Free-Soiler
(New York, 1924); Champlain W. Morrison,
Democratic Politics and Sectionalism: The Wilmot Proviso Controversy
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1967); Eric Foner, “The Wilmot Proviso Revisited,”
Journal of American History
61 (Sept. 1969), 262–79; Leonard L. Richards,
The Slave Power: The Free North and Southern Domination, 1780–1860
(Baton Rouge, La., 2000), 150–59; Jonathan H. Earle,
Jacksonian Antislavery and the Politics of Free Soil
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 1–3, 131–43.

3.
Congressional Globe,
29th Cong., 2nd sess., 1846–47, 317.

4. Ibid., 453–55.

5. Ibid., app., 244–46, 455; Robert R. Russel, “The Issues in the Congressional Struggle over the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854,”
Journal of Southern History
39 (May 1963), 188–89.

6.
Congressional Globe,
30th Cong., 2nd sess., 1848–49, 21, 39, 71, 477–78, 605–9; William J. Cooper, Jr., “‘The Only Door’: The Territorial Issue, the Preston Bill, and the Southern Whigs,” in William J. Cooper, Jr., Michael F. Holt, and John McCardell, eds.,
A Master’s Due: Essays in Honor of David Herbert Donald
(Baton Rouge, La., 1985), 67–84.