Read Secondary Schizophrenia Online
Authors: Perminder S. Sachdev
32. Flyckt L., Sydow O., Bjerkenstedt
41. Rosofsky I., Levin S., Holzman P.
schizophrenia. Arch Gen
L.,
et al.
Neurological signs and
S. Psychomotility in the
Psychiatry, 1978.
35
:972–81.
psychomotor performance in
functional psychoses. J Abnorm
51. Mackert A., Woyth C., Flechtner
patients with schizophrenia, their
Psychol, 1982.
91
:71–4.
K. M.,
et al.
Increased blink rate in
relatives and healthy controls.
42. Schwartz F., Carr A., Munich R.,
drug naive acute schizophrenic
Psychiatry Res, 1999.
86
:
et al.
Voluntary motor
patients. Biol Psychiatry, 1990.
113–29.
performance in psychotic
27
:1197–202.
33. Braun C. M., Lapierre D., Hodgins
disorders: a replication study.
52. Chan R. C., Chen E. Y. Blink rate
S.,
et al.
Neurological soft signs in
Psychol Rep, 1990.
66
:1223–34.
does matter: a study of blink rate,
schizophrenia: are they related to
43. Merrin E. L. Motor and sighting
sustained attention, and
negative or positive symptoms,
dominance in chronic
neurological signs in
neuropsychological performance,
schizophrenics. Relationship to
schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis,
and violence? Arch Clin
social competence, age at first
2004.
192
:781–3.
Neuropsychol, 1995.
10
:489–509.
admission, and clinical course.
34. Griffiths T. D., Sigmundsson T.,
Br J Psychiatry, 1984.
145
:
53. Buchanan R. W., Heinrichs D. W.
Takei N.,
et al.
Neurological
401–6.
The neurological evaluation scale
abnormalities in familial and
(NES): a structured instrument
44. Watson C. G., Thomas R. W.,
sporadic schizophrenia. Brain,
for the assessment of neurological
Felling J.,
et al.
Differentiation of
1998.
signs in schizophrenia. Psychiatry
121
:191–203.
organics from schizophrenics
Res, 1989.
27
:335–50.
35. Sanders R. D., Keshavan M. S. The
with the trail making,
neurologic examination in adult
dynamometer, critical flicker
54. Mohr F., Hubmann W., Cohen R.,
psychiatry: from soft signs to hard
fusion, and light-intensity
et al.
(1996). Neurologic soft signs
science. J Neurospychiatry Clin
matching tests. J Clin Psychol,
in schizophrenia: assessment and
Neurosci, 1998.
10
:395–404.
1969.
25
:130–3.
correlates. Eur Arch Psychiatry
Clin Neurosci, 1996.
246
:240–8.
36. Steck H. Neurologische
45. Sawyer R. N. Jr., Hanna J. P., Ruff
untersichungen an schizophrenen.
R. L.,
et al.
Asymmetry of forearm
55. Leach W. W. Nystagmus: An
Zeitschr f d ges Neurol u Psychitrie
rolling as a sign of unilateral
integrative neural deficit in
BD, 1923.
82
:292–320.
cerebral dysfunction. Neurology,
schizophrenia. J Abnorm Soc
1993.
43
:1596–8.
Psychol., 1960.
60
:305–9.
37. Quitkin F., Rifkin A., Klein D. F.
Neurologic soft signs in
46. Craig T. J., Richardson M. A., Pass
56. McCarron M. M., Schulze B. W.,
schizophrenia and character
R.,
et al.
Impairment of the gag
Thompson G. A.,
et al.
Acute
disorders. Organicity in
reflex in schizophrenic inpatients.
phencyclidine intoxication:
schizophrenia with premorbid
Compr Psychiatry, 1983.
24
:514–
incidence of clinical findings in
asociality and emotionally
20.
1,000 cases. Ann Emerg Med,
unstable character disorders. Arch
1981.
10
:237–42.
47. Rubin P., Vorstrup S.,
Gen Psychiatry, 1976.
33
:845–53.
Hemmingsen R.,
et al.
57. Yoshitsugu K., Yamada K., Toyota
38. Keshavan M. S., Kumar Y. V.,
Neurological abnormalities in
T.,
et al.
A novel scale including
Channabasavanna S. M. A critical
patients with schizophrenia or
strabismus and ‘cuspidal ear’ for
evaluation of infantile reflexes in
schizophreniform disorder at first
distinguishing schizophrenia
neuropsychiatric diagnosis.
admission to hospital:
patients from controls using
Indian J Psychiatry, 1979.
21
:267–
correlations with computerized
minor physical anomalies.
70.
tomography and regional cerebral
Psychiatry Res, 2006.
145
:249–58.
blood flow findings. Acta
39. Vreeling F. W., Houx P. J., Jolles J.,
58. Taylor M. A. The role of the
Psychiatr Scand, 1994.
90:
385–90.
Verhey F. R. Primitive reflexes in
cerebellum in the pathogenesis of
Alzheimer’s disease and vascular
48. McGee S. (2001). Evidence-based
schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatry
dementia. J Geriatr Psychiatry
physical diagnosis. Philadelphia:
Neuropsychol Behav Neurol, 1991.
Neurol, 1995.
8
:111–17.
Saunders.
4
:251–80.
40. Kowall N., Berman S. (1999).
49. Diefendorf A., Dodge R. An
59. Angyal A., Sherman M. Postural
Primitive reflexes in psychiatry
experimental study of the ocular
reactions to vestibular stimulation
and neurology. In Movement
reactions of the insane from
in schizophrenic and normal
disorders in neurology and
photographic records. Brain,
subjects. Am J Psychiatry, 1942.
neuropsychiatry, Joseph A. and
1908.
31
:451–89.
98
:857–62.
Young R. (Eds.). New York:
50. Levy D. L., Holzman P. S., Proctor
60. Ho B. C., Mola C., Andreasen N.
57
Blackwell Science.
L. R. Vestibular responses in
C. Cerebellar dysfunction in
The Neurology of Schizophrenia – Section 2
neuroleptic naive schizophrenia
70. Caligiuri M. P., Lohr J. B., Jeste D.
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci,
patients: clinical, cognitive, and
V. Parkinsonism in neuroleptic-
1991.
3
:255–68.
neuroanatomic correlates of
naive schizophrenic patients. Am J
80. Della Sal S., Francescani A.,
cerebellar neurologic signs. Biol
Psychiatry, 1993.
150
:1343–8.
Spinnler H. Gait apraxia after
Psychiatry, 2004.
55
:1146–53.
71. Chatterjee A., Chakos M., Koreen
bilateral supplementary motor
61. Flashman L. A., Flaum M., Gupta
A.,
et al.
Prevalence and clinical
area lesion. J Neurol Neurosurg
S.,
et al.
Soft signs and
correlates extrapyramidal signs
Psychiatry, 2002.
72
:77–85.
neuropsychological performance
and spontaneous dyskinesia in
81. Prager S., Jeste D. V. Sensory
in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry,
never-medicated schizophrenic
impairment in late-life
1996.
153
:526–32.
patients. Am J Psychiatry, 1995.
schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull,
62. Krebs M., Gut-Fayand A., Bourdel
152
:1724–9.
1993.
19
:755–72.
M.,
et al.
Validation and factorial
72. Wolff A. L., Odriscoll G.A. Motor
structure of a standardized
deficits and schizophrenia: the
82. David A., Malmberg A., Lewis G.,
neurological examination
evidence from neuroleptic–naive
et al.
Are there neurological and
assessing neurological soft signs
patients and populations at risk.
sensory risk factors for
in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res,
J Psychiatry Neurosci, 1999.
schizophrenia? Schizophr Res,
2000.
1995.
14
:247–51.
45
:245–60.
24
:304–14.
63. Cantor S., Pearce J., Pezzot-Pearce
73. Paviour D. C., Surtees R. A., Lees
83. Schubert E. W., Henrjksson K. M.,
T.,
et al.
The group of hypotonic
A. J. Diagnostic considerations in
McNeil T. F. A prospective study
schizophrenics. Schiz Bull, 1981.
juvenile Parkinsonism. Mov
of offspring of women with
7
:1–11.
Disord, 2004.
19
:123–35.
psychosis: visual dysfunction in
early childhood predicts
64. Luria A. (1966). Higher cortical
74. Ismail B., Cantor-Graae E.,
schizophrenia-spectrum disorders
functions in man. New York: Basic
McNeil T. F. Neurodevelopmental
in adulthood. Acta Psychiatr
Books. (Originally published by
origins of tardivelike dyskinesia in
Scand, 2005.
112
:385–93.
Moscow University Press, 1962.)
schizophrenia patients and their
84. Stefanis N., Thewissen V., Bakoula
65. Golden C. J., Hammeke T.,
siblings. Schizophr Bull, 2001.
C.,
et al.
Hearing impairment and
Purisch A. (1980). The Luria-
27
:629–41.
psychosis: a replication in a
Nebraska battery manual. Los
75. Purl B. K., Barnes T. R., Chapman
cohort of young adults. Schizophr
Angeles, California: Western
M. J.,
et al.
Spontaneous
Res, 2006.
85
:266–72.
Psychological Services.
dyskinesia in first episode
85. Sjogren H. Paraphrenic,
66. Manschreck T. (1989). Motor and
schizophrenia. J Neurol Neurosurg
melancholic and psychoneurotic
cognitive disturbances in
Psychiatry, 1999.
66
:76–8.
states in the presenile-senile
schizophrenia disorders. In
76. Fenton W. S., Blyler C. R., Wyatt
period of life: a study of 649
Schizophrenia: scientific progress,
R. J.,
et al.
Prevalence of
patients in the functional division.
Schultz S. and Tamminga C.
spontaneous dyskinesia in
Acta Psychiatr Scand, 1964.
40
:
(Eds.). New York: Oxford
schizophrenic and non-
1–63.
University Press.
schizophrenic psychiatric
67. Jahn T., Cohen R., Hubmann W.,
patients. Br J Psychiatry, 1997.
86. Gurian B., Wexler D., Baker E.
et al.
The brief motor scale (BMS)
171
:265–8.
Late-life paranoia: possible
for the assessment of motor soft
77. Mckenna P. J., Lund C.E.,
association with early trauma and
signs in schizophrenic psychoses
Mortimer A. M.,
et al.
Motor,
infertility. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry,
and other psychiatric disorders.
volitional and behavioural
1992.
7
:277–84.
Psychiatry Res, 2006.
142
.177–89.
disorders in schizophrenia. 2: The
87. Gordon A. G. Schizophrenia and
68. Bates A. T., Liddle P. F., Kiehl K.
‘conflict of paradigms’ hypothesis.