Rebooting India: Realizing a Billion Aspirations (34 page)

A public health centre on the outskirts of Bengaluru, May 2010. The computer at this health centre is draped in protective covers and kept under lock and key in a separate room, and is of little use.

Photograph © Naman Pugalia

At the same Bengaluru primary health centre, while the computer languishes unused, paper records like this one are used to track the vaccinations administered to a child.

Photograph © Naman Pugalia

Notes
Introduction

1
. Ghoshal, Devjyot. 11 April 2012. ‘How Aadhar is transforming lives across Jharkhand’.
Rediff.com
.
http://www.rediff.com/money/slide-show/slide-show-1-column-aadharis-transforming-lives-across-jharkhand/20120411.htm

2
. Golden Quadrilateral Highway Network, India.
http://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/golden-quadrilateral-highway-network/

3
. Bagla, Pallava. 23 September 2014. ‘Mangalyaan, the cheapest Mars mission ever’. NDTV.
http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mangalyaan-the-cheapest-mars-mission-ever-66974

4
. Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana.
http://www.rsby.gov.in/about_rsby.aspx

5
. Andreessen, Marc. 20 August 2011. ‘ Why Software Is Eating the World’.
The Wall Street Journal.
http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903480904576512250915629460

6
. Saran, Rohit. 26 December 2005. ‘1995: Cell phones arrive’.
India Today
.
http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bengal-cm-jyoti-basu-made-indias-first-cell-phone-call-to-telecom-minister-sukh-ram-in-1995/1/192421.html

7
. Telecommunications statistics in India:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_statistics_in_India
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India. 4 July 2012. ‘Highlights on Telecom subscription data as on 31
st
May 2012’.
http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/PressRealease/Document/PRTSD-May12.pdf
Press Trust of India. 29 January 2014. ‘India to have 243 million Internet users by June 2014: Report’. NDTV.
http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-to-have-243-million-internet-users-by-june-2014-report-549211

8
. ‘Life in a slum’. BBC News.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/world/06/dharavi_slum/html/dharavi_slum_into.stm

9
. Varghese, Gigil, Zachariah, Mini Pant, and Dagli, Kinjal. 17 January 2009. ‘Slum Gods’.
Hindustan Times
.
http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/slum-gods/story-QBMRbH33hPfZnBkVlVo81I.html

10
. Press Trust of India. 15 March 2012. ‘Economic Survey 2011–12: India to join league of youngest nations by 2020’.
Economic Times
.
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-03-15/news/31197250_1_demographic-dividend-economic-survey-life-expectancy

11
. World Bank Group. Ease of doing business rankings.
http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings

12
. Micklethwait, J., and Wooldridge, A. 2014.
The Fourth Revolution: The Global Race to Reinvent the State.
Penguin Books.

13
. Guha, Ramachandra. 2007.
India After Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy
. Pan Macmillan.

14
. Anand, Umesh. September 2012. ‘Ratnauli’s wired hero’.
http://www.civilsocietyonline.com/pages/HOF_Details.aspx?185

15
. Growth of Facebook.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Facebook_growth

16
. Shah, Ajay. 2006. ‘Improving Governance Using Large IT systems’.
Documenting Reforms: Case Studies from India
. S. Narayan (ed.). New Delhi: Macmillan India, pp. 122–148.
NSDL charges.
https://nsdl.co.in/about/charges.php

17
. 2001 Census of India: Migration.
http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/migrations.aspx

18
. Shah, Amrita. 2007.
Vikram Sarabhai: A Life
. New Delhi: Penguin Books.

19
. Transcript of Federalist Papers, No. 10 & No. 51 (1787–1788).
http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=10&page=tran script

20
. Pritchett, Lant. 2009. ‘Is India a Flailing State?: Detours on the Four Lane Highway to Modernization’. HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series, RWP09-013, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.

1. Aadhaar: From zero to a billion in five years

1
. 30 September 2010. ‘Ranjana Sonawane is now a 12-digit no.’.
Times of India
.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ranjana-Sonawane-is-now-a-12-digit-no-/articleshow/6654987.cms
Rabade, Parag. 2 October 2010. ‘Ranjana, the UID of Aadhaar’.
Deccan Herald
.
http://www.deccanherald.com/content/101472/ranjana-uid-aadhaar.html
29 September 2010. ‘Meet the nation’s first UID holders’. Rediff. com.
http://www.rediff.com/news/report/no-one-will-cheat-me-now-uidrecepient-tembhali/20100929.htm
Pal, Chandrima. 30 September 2010. ‘For Tembhli, power, paint and an identity’.
Mumbai Mirror
.
http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/cover-story/For-tembhli-power-paint-and-an-identity/articleshow/16057599.cms

2
. Unique Identification Authority of India, Public Data Portal.
http://portal.uidai.gov.in

3
. Parker, Ian. 3 October 2011. ‘The I.D. Man’.
New Yorker
.
http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/10/03/111003fa_fact_parker
.

4
. UNICEF India Statistics.
http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/india_statistics.html
.

5
. April 2010. ‘UIDAI Strategy Overview: Creating a Unique Identity Number for Every resident in India’. Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI), Planning Commission, Government of India.

6
. Nilekani, Nandan. 2008.
Imagining India: Ideas for the New Century
. New Delhi: Penguin Books.

7
. Nilekani, Nandan. January–March 2014. ‘The Untold Story of Aadhaar’. Inclusion.
http://inclusion.skoch.in/story/10/the-untold-saga-of-aadhaar-310.html

8
. PTI. 12 January 2012. ‘Planning Commission, Home Ministry in tussle over UID project’.
Economic Times
.
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-20/ news/30647230_1_uidai-home-ministry-aadhaar-numbers

9
. Unique Identification Authority of India, Public Data Portal Dashboard for enrolments.
https://portal.uidai.gov.in/uidwebportal/dashboard.do
.

10
. Mehdudia, Sujay. 18 February 2014. ‘Government fully committed to Aadhaar’.
The Hindu
.
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/government-fy-%20committed-to-aadhaar/article5699113.ece

11
. 29 August 2011. ‘Plan panel, parliamentary committee red flag rising UID costs’.
Indian Express
.
http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/plan-panel-parliamentary-committee-red-flag-rising-uid-costs/838507/0

12
. UIDAI Working Papers. ‘Ensuring uniqueness: Collecting iris biometrics for the unique ID mission’.
https://uidai.gov.in/UID_PDF/Working_Papers/UID_and_iris_paper_final.pdf

13
. Anand, Utkarsh. 25 March 2014. ‘Don’t exclude those without Aadhaar, share data: SC’.
Indian Express
.
http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/supreme-court-bars-sharing-of-uidai-info-denial-of-benefits-to-those-without-aadhaar/

14
. Standing Committee on Finance (2011–12), fifteenth Lok Sabha, Ministry of Planning. December 2011. ‘The National Identification Authority of India Bill, 2010’. Forty-Second report.
http://164.100.47.134/lsscommittee/Finance/42%20Report.pdf

15
. 11 September 2014. ‘Government approves fifth phase of Aadhaar enrollment in UP, Bihar, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh’.
Economic Times
.
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-09-11/news/53811399_1_uidai-mantri-jan-dhan-yojana-aadhaar-enrollment

16
. Nair, Pravin. 20 April 2014. ‘First Aadhaar card owner struggles for a living’.
Hindustan Times
.
http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/first-aadhaar-card-owner-struggles-for-a-living/story-4XDs3Ffu0aoG8NCPRWDj3O.html

2. Aadhaar: Behind the scenes

1
. Parker, Ian. 3 October 2011. ‘The I.D. Man’.
New Yorker
.
http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/10/03/the-i-d-man

2
. Thimmayya, Daniel. 5 April 2015. ‘Trafficked Women, Orphans Finally Get an Aadhar of Existence in Tamil Nadu’.
New Indian Express
.
http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Trafficked-Women-Orphans-Finally-Get-an-Aadhar-of-Existence-in-Tamil-Nadu/2015/04/05/article2747850.ece

3
. Kumar, Raj. 16 December 2012. ‘See how Aadhaar benefits women’.
Telegraph
.
http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121216/jsp/jharkhand/story_16321510.jsp#.VZ51JxOqqko

4
. December 2009. ‘Biometric Design Standards for UID Applications (Version 1.0)’. Unique Identification Authority of India.
http://uidai.gov.in/UID_PDF/Committees/Biometrics_Standards_Committee_report.pdf

5
. Krebs, Brian. 6 July 2009. ‘Researchers: Social Security Numbers Can Be Guessed’.
Washington Post
.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/06/AR2009070602955.html

6
. Radicati, Sara. April 2013. ‘Email Statistics Report, 2013–2017’. The Radicati Group.
http://www.radicati.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Email-Statistics-Report-2013-2017-Executive-Summary.pdf

7
. ‘Google Search Statistics’. Internet Live Stats.
http://www.internetlivestats.com/google-search-statistics/

8
. ‘Number of monthly active Facebook users worldwide as of 2nd quarter 2015 (in millions)’. Statista.
http://www.statista.com/statistics/264810/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-worldwide/

9
. Anders, George. 19 February 2014. ‘Facebook’s $19 Billion Craving, Explained By Mark Zuckerberg’.
Forbes
.
http://www.forbes.com/sites/georgeanders/2014/02/19/facebookjustifies-19-billion-by-awe-at-whatsapp-growth/

3. Banking on government payments

1
. 2013. ‘Report of the Committee on Comprehensive Financial Services for Small Businesses and Low Income Households’. Reserve Bank of India.
https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PublicationReport/Pdfs/CFS070114RFL.pdf

2
. Ghosh, Palash. 6 June 2013. ‘How many people pay income tax? Hardly anyone’.
International Business Times
.
http://www.ibtimes.com/how-many-people-india-pay-income-tax-hardly-anyone-1294887

3
. Yardley, Jim. 28 December 2011. ‘In One Slum, Misery, Work, Politics and Hope’.
New York Times
.
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/29/world/asia/in-indian-slum-misery-work-politics-and-hope.html

4
. Burman, Abheek. 25 October 2013. ‘Informal workers, making up 90% of workforce, won’t get a good deal till netas notice them’.
Economic Times
.
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-25/news/43395491_1_neelkanth-mishra-india-fall-informal-economy

5
. 28 September 2013. ‘India’s Informal Economy. Hidden Value’.
Economist
.
http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21586891-activities-out-sticks-may-add-more-gdp-was-thought-hidden-value

6
. Dr G. Rajan, Raghuram, Governor, Reserve Bank of India. 11 December 2013. Talk at the Delhi Economics Conclave titled ‘Financial Sector Reforms’.
http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_SpeechesView.aspx?Id=863

7
. Collins, Daryl, Morduch, Jonathan, Rutherford, Stuart, Ruthven, Orlanda. 2009.
Portfolios of the Poor: How the World’s Poor Live on $2 a Day
. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

8
. February 2012. ‘Report of the Task Force on an Aadhaar-Enabled Unified Payment Infrastructure’. Ministry of Finance, Government of India.
http://finmin.nic.in/reports/Report_Task_Force_Aadhaar_PaymentInfra.pdf

9
. April 2010. ‘From Exclusion to Inclusion with ‘Micropayments’. Unique Identification Authority of India.
http://uidai.gov.in/UID_PDF/Front_Page_Articles/Strategy/Exclusion_to_Inclusion_with_Micropayments.pdf

10
. October 2010. ‘Growth, financial inclusion, and a $22.4 billion savings’. McKinsey & Company.
http://mckinseyonsociety.com/inclusive-growth-and-financial-security/

11
. Wolman, David. 2012.
The End of Money: Counterfeiters, Preachers, Techies,
Dreamers—and the Coming Cashless Society
. Boston: Da Capo Press, p. 353.

12
. 2015. ‘Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana’. Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance, Government of India.
http://pmjdy.gov.in/account-statistics-country.aspx

13
. Thornycroft, Peta. June 2006. ‘The $100,000 note that won’t buy a loaf of bread in Zimbabwe’.
Telegraph
.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/ zimbabwe/1520590/The-100000-note-that-wont-buy-a-loaf-of-bread-in-Zimbabwe.html

14
. Gustafsson, Katarina, and Magnusson, Niklas. 28 October 2013. ‘Stockholm’s Homeless Accept Cards as Cash No Longer King’.
Bloomberg
.
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-10-27/stockholm-s-homeless-accept-cards-as-cash-no-longer-king.html

15
. 14 November 2013. ‘Mobile Money: The Opportunity for India’. Mobile Money Association of India (MMAI) and GSMA submission to the Reserve Bank of India.

16
. Ghosh, Suprotip. 8 December 2013. ‘Banking the Unbanked’.
Business Today
.
http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/rbi-expansion-general-public-helps-take-banking-rural-india/1/200646.html

17
. February 2015. ‘Unified Payments Interface. API and Technology Specifications (Version 1.0)’. National Payments Corporation of India.
http://www.npci.org.in/documents/API_Technology_Specifications_Version_1.pdf

4. Mending our social safety nets

1
. 12 February 2012. UP farmer on fertilizer availability.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBATYKn_cBY

2
. 10 June 2008. ‘Karnataka farmers on rampage over fertilizer shortage’.
Times of India
.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Karnataka-farmers-on-rampage-over-fertilizer-shortage/articleshow/3115597.cms

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